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FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024
A&P 2 Final MGCCC Exam Study
Guide with Complete Solutions
List functions of the kidneys (pp. 995-996) - Answer✔✔-Excretion of wastes, regulation of blood ionic
composition, regulation of blood pH, Regulation of blood volume, regulation of blood pressure,
maintenance of blood osmolarity, production of hormones, regulation of hormones, regulation of blood
glucose levels
List waste products normally excreted by the kidneys (pg. 1011) - Answer✔✔-Water, proteins, Sodium
ions, Chloride ions, Bicarbonate ions, glucose, urea, potassium ions, uric acid, creatinine
Which layer of smooth dense irregular connective tissue covers the kidney and outer layer of the ureter?
(pg. 995) - Answer✔✔-renal fascia
Which portion of the kidney extends between the renal pyramids? (pg. 998) - Answer✔✔-renal columns
List the order of blood flow through the kidneys (pg. 998) - Answer✔✔-Renal artery, Segmental arteries,
Interlobar arteries, Arcuate arteries, Cortical radiate arteries, Afferent Arteries, Glomerular capillaries,
efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, peritubular venules, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins,
interlobar veins, renal vein
List the order of filtrate flow through a cortical nephron (pg. 1001) - Answer✔✔-Glomerular capsule,
proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of the nephron loop,
distal convoluted tubule
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FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024
Which nephron structure reabsorbs the most substances? (pg. 1010) - Answer✔✔-proximal convoluted
tubule
Which nephron structure filters blood plasma? (pg. 999) - Answer✔✔-glomerulus
What is reabsorption? (pg. 1005) - Answer✔✔-the process by which the nephron removes water and
solutes from the tubular fluid and returns them to the circulating blood
What is tubular secretion? (pg. 1005) - Answer✔✔-the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries
to the renal tubular lumen; it is the opposite process of reabsorption
What is the basement membrane? (pg. 1007) - Answer✔✔-thin, dense sheets of specialized, self-
assembled extracellular matrix that surround most animal tissues
What is myogenic mechanism? (pg. 1008) - Answer✔✔-how arteries and arterioles react to an increase
or decrease of blood pressure to keep the blood flow constant within the blood vessel
What is a transcellular reabsorption route? (pg. 1011) - Answer✔✔-passes from fluid in tubular lumen
THROUGH apical membrane of a tubule cell, across the cytosol, and out into interstitial fluid through
basolateral membrane.
What percentage of filtered water do the proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb? (pg. 1012) -
Answer✔✔-65%
How does angiotensin II affect the kidneys? (pg. 1016) - Answer✔✔-acts to increase Na-H exchange,
increasing sodium reabsorption. Increased levels of Na in the body acts to increase the osmolarity of the
blood, leading to a shift of fluid into the blood volume and extracellular space
Where does urea recycling occur? (pg. 1020) - Answer✔✔-loop of henle.
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