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Samenvatting Klimatologie en meteorologie C003860A
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volledige samenvatting van vak gegeven door David Dehenauw
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UGent – Geografie en GeomaticaKlimatologie en
Meteorologie –
C003860A
Prof: David Dehenauw
Faculteit wetenschappen
2019-2020
,Inhoudstafel
1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................... 6
2 De Aarde en atmosfeer ................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Belangrijkste ingrediënten van de meteorologie .......................................................................... 8
2.2 Evolutie van de aardatmosfeer ..................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Verticale structuur van de atmosfeer ........................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 Luchtdruk en luchtdichtheid ........................................................................................... 9
2.3.2 Atmosferische lagen ........................................................................................................ 9
3 Energie: Verwarmen van de Aarde en de atmosfeer .................................................................... 11
3.1 Vormen van energie .................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Temperatuur................................................................................................................................ 11
3.3 Druk ............................................................................................................................................. 12
3.4 Warmte........................................................................................................................................ 12
3.4.1 Warmtecapaciteit C van een stof .................................................................................. 12
3.4.2 Soortelijke warmte van een stof ................................................................................... 12
3.4.3 Latente (verborgen) warmte ......................................................................................... 12
3.5 Warmte transport in de atmosfeer ............................................................................................. 13
3.5.1 Conductie....................................................................................................................... 13
3.5.2 Convectie ....................................................................................................................... 13
3.5.3 Straling ........................................................................................................................... 13
3.6 Energie balans ............................................................................................................................. 15
4 Temperatuur.................................................................................................................................. 16
4.1 Lucht temperatuur ...................................................................................................................... 16
4.1.1 Daytime warming .......................................................................................................... 16
4.1.2 Nighttime cooling .......................................................................................................... 16
4.2 Beïnvloedende factoren .............................................................................................................. 16
4.3 Inkomende zonnestraling ............................................................................................................ 17
4.4 Jaarlijkse baan ............................................................................................................................. 17
4.5 Dagelijkse beweging .................................................................................................................... 18
4.6 Combinatie jaarlijkse en dagelijkse beweging............................................................................. 19
4.7 Gevolg ongelijke verdeling van bezonning .................................................................................. 21
4.8 Variatie in lucht temperatuur ...................................................................................................... 21
4.9 Gevoelstemperatuur (Windchill) ................................................................................................. 21
5 Luchtvochtigheid ........................................................................................................................... 22
5.1 Water in de atmosfeer ................................................................................................................ 22
1
, 5.2 Luchtvochtigheid ......................................................................................................................... 22
5.2.1 Concepten gerelateerd tot de luchtvochtigheid ........................................................... 22
5.3 Vochtigheid parameters .............................................................................................................. 23
5.3.1 Absolute vochtigheid AH ............................................................................................... 23
5.3.2 Dampdruk ...................................................................................................................... 24
5.3.3 Specifieke vochtigheid q ................................................................................................ 24
5.3.4 vochtigheid mengverhouding (humidity mixing ratio) W ............................................. 24
5.3.5 Relatieve vochtigheid RH............................................................................................... 24
5.3.6 Dauwpunt (Temperatuur) ............................................................................................. 25
5.3.7 Natte bol temperatuur Tw ............................................................................................. 25
5.3.8 Conclusie ....................................................................................................................... 26
5.4 Faseovergangen........................................................................................................................... 27
5.4.1 Condensatie ................................................................................................................... 27
5.4.2 Verdamping ................................................................................................................... 27
5.4.3 bevriezing ...................................................................................................................... 27
5.4.4 Smelten.......................................................................................................................... 27
5.4.5 Sublimatie ...................................................................................................................... 28
5.4.6 Depositie (afzetting)(stollen) ......................................................................................... 28
5.4.7 Ongewone eigenschappen van water ........................................................................... 28
5.4.8 Fasediagram .................................................................................................................. 28
5.5 Hydrologische cirkel .................................................................................................................... 28
6 Condensatie: dauw, nevel en mist ................................................................................................ 30
6.1 Introductie ................................................................................................................................... 30
6.2 Condensatie kern......................................................................................................................... 30
6.3 Dauw............................................................................................................................................ 31
6.4 Nevel (Haze) ................................................................................................................................ 31
6.4.1 Droge nevel ................................................................................................................... 31
6.4.2 Natte nevel: mist ........................................................................................................... 31
6.5 Mist .............................................................................................................................................. 31
6.5.1 Straling mist/radiatie mist ............................................................................................. 32
6.5.2 advectie mist ................................................................................................................. 32
6.5.3 upslope mist .................................................................................................................. 32
6.5.4 Frontale mist.................................................................................................................. 33
6.5.5 Verspreiding van mist .................................................................................................... 33
6.6 Conclusie ..................................................................................................................................... 33
2
, 7 Instabiliteit en wolken (zie slide les 6 voor afbeeldingen) ............................................................ 34
7.1 (On)stabiliteit............................................................................................................................... 34
7.1.1 (In)Stabliteit ~ evenwicht .............................................................................................. 34
7.1.2 Uitdieping concept luchtpakketje ................................................................................. 34
7.1.3 Verband uitdieping concept luchtpakketje met atmosferische stabiliteit .................... 36
7.1.4 Oorzaken van onstabiliteit van een laag ....................................................................... 38
7.2 Ontwikkeling van bewolking ....................................................................................................... 40
7.2.1 Convectie ....................................................................................................................... 41
7.2.2 Orografische stijging ...................................................................................................... 43
7.3 Classificatie van wolken............................................................................................................... 44
8 Neerslag ......................................................................................................................................... 47
8.1.1 Condensatie ................................................................................................................... 47
8.1.2 Botsing en coalescentie ................................................................................................. 49
8.1.3 Bergeron process ........................................................................................................... 50
9 Druk en wind ................................................................................................................................. 52
9.1 Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 52
9.2 Krachten ...................................................................................................................................... 52
9.2.1 Tweede wet van Newton: ............................................................................................. 52
9.3 Wind ............................................................................................................................................ 53
9.3.1 Geostrofische wind ........................................................................................................ 53
9.3.2 Gradiëntwind ................................................................................................................. 54
9.4 Weerkaarten................................................................................................................................ 55
9.4.1 Grondkaarten ................................................................................................................ 55
9.4.2 Hoogte ........................................................................................................................... 58
9.4.3 Oppervlaktewind ........................................................................................................... 59
9.4.4 Verticale beweging ........................................................................................................ 60
9.4.5 Toepassingen: ................................................................................................................ 61
10 Luchtsoorten, fronten en depressies ........................................................................................ 66
10.1 luchtmassa................................................................................................................................. 66
10.1.1 Bron gebieden ............................................................................................................... 66
10.1.2 Evolutie .......................................................................................................................... 67
10.1.3 Classificatie van luchtmassa .......................................................................................... 68
10.1.4 luchtmassa relevant voor België ................................................................................... 69
10.2 Frontale systemen ..................................................................................................................... 70
10.2.1 (quasi-) Stationair front ................................................................................................. 73
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