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Nurs300 exam 3 study guide with complete solutions

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Nurs300 exam 3 study guide with complete solutions Diabetes definition - Answer-Chronic multisystem disease related to - Abnormal insulin production - Impaired insulin utilization - Or both Long term effects of diabetes - Answer-Diabetes is the leading cause of: - Adult blindness - End-stag...

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  • October 6, 2024
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Nurs300 exam 3 study guide with
complete solutions

Diabetes definition - Answer✔✔-Chronic multisystem disease related to


- Abnormal insulin production


- Impaired insulin utilization


- Or both


Long term effects of diabetes - Answer✔✔-Diabetes is the leading cause of:


- Adult blindness


- End-stage renal disease


- Nontraumatic lower limb amputations




Major contributing factor


- Heart disease


- Stroke


Types of diabetes - Answer✔✔-Type 1


Type 2


Gestational

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Prediabetes


Normal insulin metabolism - Answer✔✔-- Produced by the b cells


- Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas


- Released continuously into bloodstream in small increments with larger amounts released after food

intake


- Stabilizes glucose range to 70 to 120 mg/dl


Insulin - Answer✔✔-- Promotes glucose transport from bloodstream across cell membrane to cytoplasm

of cell




- Decreases glucose in the bloodstream


Insulin after meals - Answer✔✔-- increases after a meal


- Stimulates storage of glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle


- Inhibits gluconeogenesis - the process of synthesizing glucose in the body from non-carbohydrate

sources


- Enhances fat deposition


↑ Protein synthesis


Counterregulatory hormones - Answer✔✔-- Increase blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose

production & output by the liver, & by decreasing the movement of glucose into the cells.


- Oppose effects of insulin

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- Increase blood glucose levels


- Provide a regulated release of glucose for energy


- Help maintain normal blood glucose levels


Examples of counterregulatory hormones - Answer✔✔-glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol


Type 1 diabetes age - Answer✔✔-- Formerly known as "juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent" diabetes


- Most often occurs in people under 30 years of age


- Peak onset between ages 11 and 13


- 5-10% of all diabetics


- Now occurring in younger children


Etiology and Pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes - Answer✔✔-- End result of long-standing process


- Immune- mediated disease


- Body's own T cells attack & destroy pancreatic beta (β)- cells, which are the source of insulin.


- Auto antibodies to the islet cells cause a reduction of 80% to 90% of normal b cell function before

hyperglycemia manifestations occur




Causes:


- Genetic predisposition


- Related to human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)


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- Exposure to a virus


- Idiopathic diabetes - not related to autoimmunity but strongly inherited


Onset of type 1 diabetes - Answer✔✔-- Long preclinical period


- Antibodies for βcell destruction present for months to years before symptoms occur


- Manifestations develop when pancreas can no longer produce insulin


- Rapid onset of symptoms


- Present at ER with ketoacidosis


- History of recent, sudden, weight loss


- will require exogenous insulin to sustain life


Classic symptoms of type 1 diabetes - Answer✔✔-Polydipsia - excessive thirst




Polyuria - production of abnormally large amounts of urine




Polyphagia - Increased appetite


Nonspecific symptoms of type 1 diabetes - Answer✔✔-Fatigue


Recurrent infections


Recurrent vaginal yeast infections


Prolonged wound healing

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