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Summary Intro to psychology and its methods topic 5 and 6
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Lecture and book notes on Topic 5: learning and Topic 6: memory and questions related to the exam
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Topic 5: learningLecture/slides:
Types of learning:
Non-associative learning:
learning about a stimulus such as sight or sound in the external world.
Habituation: a decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a
stimulus.
Dishabituation: an increase in a response because of a momentary change in
something familiar.
Sensitization: an increase in behavioral response after continuous exposure
to a stimulus
Associative learning:
Classical conditioning: a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to
elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces
that response
Second-order conditioning: when a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new
stimulus the new stimulus produces the conditioned response.
Extinction: the association between the conditioned stimulus and
conditioned response can be eliminated by repeatedly presenting the
conditioned stimulus alone Spontaneous recovery: after extinction and a
resting interval
Stimulus generalization: the CR can also be elicited by stimuli that are like the
CS
Operant conditioning: aka instrumental conditioning.
The consequence of an actions/response determines the likelihood that it will
be performed again.
Law of effect:
1. Behavior is governed by its consequences
2. Performance is strengthened if it is followed by a reward and weakened if
it is not
Observational learning (social learning): the acquisition or modification of a behavior
after exposure to another individual performing after that behavior. Begins early in
life.
Book:
Learning is defined as a relatively enduring change in behavior resulting from experience.
- Non associative learning is the simplest form of learning after repeated exposure to a
single stimulus or event. For example, hearing train tracks when moving into a new
house but after a while not waking up to the sound anymore,
- Associative learning is coming to understand how stimuli are related. You associate
working with getting paid. So, it is the linking two events that take place one right
after the other.
- Social learning is learning through social means, either verbal or observation.
So, it involves acquiring behaviors and predictive associations between stimuli or
events through interactions with others.
, The sound of a dentist’s drill makes you nervous. What type of learning produced your
fear?
Associative learning
Learning = a relatively enduring change in behavior resulting from experience
Non associative learning = responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event
Associative learning = linking two stimuli or events that occur together
Social learning = acquiring or changing a behavior after verbal instruction or exposure to
another individual performing that behavior
Within non associative learning we have habituation and sensitization.
- Habituation leads to a decrease in a behavioral response after repeated exposure to
a stimulus. It is different from sensory adaption because you still perceive the stimuli
but just learn not to respond.
Reduction to neurotransmitter release leads to habituation.
Dishabituation is increasing the response because of a change in something familiar.
- Sensitization leads to increase of behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus.
The stimuli that most often lead to sensitization are those that are meaningful for
danger or pain.
An increase to neurotransmitter release leads to sensitization.
What is the primary difference between habituation and sensitization?
Habituation decreases a behavioral response, whereas sensitization increases a behavioral
response
Habituation = a decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus
Sensitization = an increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus
Associative learning is learning the relationship between two stimuli or events.
- Classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning) is when a neutral stimulus elicits a
response because it had become associated with a stimulus that already produces a
response. One event predicts another.
Unconditioned response UR is a response that is unlearned and is automatic.
Unconditioned stimulus US is the stimulus that takes place before learning.
The US produces the UR
Conditioned stimulus CS is the stimulus after learning that produces the CR.
The CR is the conditioned response. So, the response after learning.
What is the difference between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?
An unconditioned stimulus elicits an involuntary unconditioned response without
learning. A conditioned stimulus comes to elicit an involuntary conditioned response by
being associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Pavlovian conditioning (classical conditioning) = a type of associative learning in which a
neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already
produces that response
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