the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) correct answers 1) First published in 1943 by Starke Hathaway, Ph.D., and Charnley McKinley, M.D.-University of Minnesota Hospitals
MMPI used emprical keying approach correct answers 1) Used the EMPIRICAL KEYING APPROACH in the construction ...
MMPI-2 || A+ Graded Already.
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) correct answers 1) First published in
1943 by Starke Hathaway, Ph.D., and Charnley McKinley, M.D.-University of Minnesota
Hospitals
MMPI used emprical keying approach correct answers 1) Used the EMPIRICAL KEYING
APPROACH in the construction of the various MMPI scales. This was novel at the time,
2) Responses to individual test items were treated as unknowns and empirical item analysis was
utilized to identify test items that differentiated between criterion groups ( e.g., depressed
patients vs. nonclinical individuals)
MMPI- Clinical Scale Development correct answers 1) Collection of a large pool of inventory
items From 1000 potential test items, 504 were selected
2) normals and psychiatric patients
3) An item analysis was conducted separately for each of the clinical groups to identify the items
in the pool of 504 that differentiated significantly between the specific clinical group and the
normal group
MMPI Clinical scale development: Mf correct answers Masculinity-Femininity Scale (Mf)-Scale
was originally intended to distinguish between homosexual and heterosexual men. It was not
effective and later broadened to distinguish between items endorsed by men versus women
MMPI Clinical scale development: Si correct answers Social Introversion Scale (Si)-Scale was
developed in 1946 and became one of the basic MMPI scales
MMPI- Validity Scale Development: Cannot say score (?) correct answers 1) Four scales were
developed to detect deviant test-taking attitudes
2) total number of items in the MMPI that the individual either omitted or responded to as true
and false
MMPI- Validity Scale Development: L scale or lie scale correct answers Designed to detect
unsophisticated and naïve attempts of the test takers to present themselves in an overly favorable
way (e.g., True-I read every editorial in the daily newspaper)
,MMPI- Validity Scale Development: The Infrequency (F) scale correct answers Designed to
detect individuals whose approach to test-taking is different from that intended by the test
developers (elevated F scale-people who responded to the items without reading or
understanding their content)
MMPI- Validity Scale Development: The Correction (K) scale correct answers designed to
detect clinical defensiveness. A high K-scale was intended to indicate defensiveness and call into
question the person's responses to all of the other items.
Modified Approach to the MMPI-CODE TYPES correct answers 1) Clinicians began to refer to
the profiles of individuals based on their numbers such as, "4-9" or "1-2-3", etc
2) Thus the test evolved to be used to generate descriptions and inferences about individuals
( patients and non-patients) on the basis of their scores. **** It is this behavioral description
approach to the utilization of the test in everyday practice that has led to its tremendous
popularity.****
Reasons for the revision of MMPI correct answers 1) The original MMPI was the most
frequently used personality test in the U.S. It was even strongly endorsed by groups such as the
Society for Personality Assessment (which primarily uses projective techniques) and the
American Association for Behavioral Therapy.
2) The MMPI had not been revised since its publication in 1943.
3) The original standardization sample was not adequate (not generalizable)
4) There was concern regarding the item content of the original MMPI (language was archaic,
some of the language was sexist, items dealt with Christian religious beliefs, etc)
5) The original MMPI had not undergone editorial review ( there were grammatical errors,
double negatives, etc)
6) The original MMPI was too narrow in scope. Issues relating to suicide attempts, drug and
alcohol abuse, were not addressed
Preparing MMPI-2 correct answers A total of 704 items were used in the re-standardization
process
Normative data collection for MMPI-2 correct answers 1) 2900 participants were testes (1138
men, 1462 women)
2) Racial composition-81% Caucasian; 12% African American; 3% Hispanic; 3% Native
American; 1% Asian American
3) Age range 18-85 years
MMPI-2 Additional changes correct answers Concurrent with the development of the adult test,
large normative data was collected and test items were revised for the development of the
adolescent version-the MMPI-A, which was published in 1992
Final version of MMPI-2 correct answers 1) Published in 1989 and consist of 567 items
2) Is very similar to the original MMPI, but more contemporary and has a better representative
standardization sample
, 3) Alternate form of MMPI-2-the MMPI-2 Restructured Form or MMPI-2-RF. It includes the
Restructured Clinical scales.
Coding the MMPI-2 profile correct answers 1) Much of the interpretation of the MMPI-2 is
based on the pattern of the scores in relation to one another-CODE TYPES.
2) Most of the empirical information is based on two-point and three-point code types.
3) First determine the highest and the 2nd highest clinical scale scores (excluding 5 and 0). For
example, a protocol in which the Hs (1) scale has the highest T score and the Hy (3) has the 2nd
highest score would be "1-3" code type
Validity Scales-test taking attitudes correct answers Cannot Say (?)
Lie (L)
Infrequency (F)
Correction (K)
Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN)
True Response Inconsistency (TRIN)
Back F (FB)
Infrequency Psychopathology (Fp)
Superlative Self-Presentation (S)
Symptom Validity (FBS)
Fake Bad Scale (FBS) correct answers 1) The Fake Bad Scale (FBS) as developed to detect
personal injury claimants who were exaggerating their difficulties. Research has been equivocal
regarding its ability to detect.
2) High FBS (moderately indicative if raw score=22, more strongly indicated by raw score =28
3) Indicates faking bad or malingering
K (correction) scale correct answers 1) Designed to detect clients who are describing themselves
in overly positive terms, similar to L. However the K scale is more subtle and effective. Some
with high K scores is unlikely to have significant elevations in L scale. K is more a measure of
defensiveness. Because defensiveness may suppress clinical scales,
a K correction is added to 5 of the clinical scales (1, 4, 7, 8, 9) to compensate for this
defensiveness.
2) H K ( T=65 or 70)
3) Describes self in an overly favorable light, denying difficulties
S (Superlative )Scale correct answers appearing excessively good
- Superlative self-presentation
High -T >70 in clinical setting;
--T>75 in nonclinical setting
High score = presenting themselves as getting along very easily with others, being free from
psychological problems and having a strong belief in human goodness.
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