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NUTR 560H - EXAM 1 LATEST UPDATED
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NUTR 560H - EXAM 1 LATEST UPDATED...
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NUTR 560H - EXAM 1 LATEST UPDATEDFactors affecting both male and female fertility (9)
1. Weight loss > 10-15%
2. poor antioxidant status (selenium, C, E)
3. inadequate body fat
4. excessive body fat, esp abdominal
5. extreme exercise
6. high alcohol
7. endocrine disorders
8. oxidative stress and chronic inflammation
9. Celiac, diabetes, cancer
Additional factors affecting female fertility (7)
1. recent oral contraceptive use
2. anorexia, bulemia
3. vegan diet
4. age > 35
5. poor iron stores
6. high fiber diet
7. MS, PCOS, endometriosis, PID
Additional factors affecting male fertility (5)
1. inadequate zinc
2. heavy metal & halogen exposure
3. estrogen exposure
4. steroid abuse
5. high soy intake
Impacts of progestin-only oral contraceptives:
1. Weight gain (increased fat storage) and
2. decreased bone mineral accretion
Impact of combination (estradiol/progestin) contraceptives
1. Altered blood lipid levels - increase LDL and TG; decrease HDL;
2. increased blood glucose and insulin levels, increased inflammation;
3. increased risk of stroke
Impact of obesity on female fertility
1. higher levels of estrogen, androgens and leptin,
2. causing menstrual cycle irregularity
, Impact of obesity on male fertility
1. higher levels of estrogen and leptin, reduced testosterone,
2. leading to reduced sperm production and
3. higher rates of erectile dysfunction
Impact of obesity on both male and female fertility
Loss of body fat related to improvements in hormone levels, oxidative
stress, chronic inflammation and conception rates in both men and
women
Impact of anorexia/bulemia on female fertility
1. Women with low BMIs may develop anovulation and amenorrhea;
2. both linked to hypothalamic amenorrhea (loss of menstrual cycles
because of energy/nutrient deficiencies)
3. More likely to miscarry, have preterm delivery, and deliver low
birthweight infants
4. Ovulation and menstruation resume with normal eating and weight
gain
What is the female athletic triad?
Triggered when energy intake is 30 percent less than required
o Amenorrhea
o Eating disorder
o Osteoporosis
Fertility impact of the female athletic triad?
Decrease in LH, FSH, and lack of estrogen
Impact on male fertility when low body fat
reduced libido and sperm production
What is the leading cause of female infertility?
PCOS: 5-10% of reproductive age women
Most likely cause of PCOS
insulin resistance
first goal of treating PCOS
- increase insulin sensitivity with weight loss/exercise in order to:
1. enhances blood glucose control,
2. normalize those testosterone levels,
3. normalizing the hirsutism that the excessive body hair,
4. normal blood pressure,
5. normalize menstrual function, and then
6. normalize fertility
impact of celiac disease on fertility
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