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PNB 2250 Exam 1 (final exam prep) Study Guide

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PNB 2250 Exam 1 (final exam prep) Study Guide cell to cell connection (in animals vs. plants) - Answer-plants = plasmodesmata, flow of nutrients between cells animals = tight junctions convergent evolution - Answer-organisms independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt t...

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  • October 7, 2024
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  • PNB 2250
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EmillyCharlotte
EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER
©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024

PNB 2250 Exam 1 (final exam prep)
Study Guide

cell to cell connection (in animals vs. plants) - Answer✔✔-plants = plasmodesmata,

flow of nutrients between cells




animals = tight junctions

convergent evolution - Answer✔✔-organisms independently evolve similar traits as a

result of having to adapt to similar environments



limited solutions to the same problem

analogous structures - Answer✔✔-flight in insects, bats, birds



fingerprints in humans and koalas



echolocation in bats, whales, shrews

true/false: genome size is proportional to physical structure or complexity? -

Answer✔✔-false

physical factors of animals - Answer✔✔-(1) energy input (cost/benefit ratio)

(2) waste removal

(3) growth and development

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,EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER
©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024
(4) impacts of physics, chemistry, geometry on body form

what is entropy - Answer✔✔-2nd law of thermodynamics



unless you put energy into maintaining a closed system, the system will fall to chaos



single most important factor of life, affects all living things

why is immortality impossible? - Answer✔✔-because the universe does not have

enough energy to keep all systems going infiintely

CHONPS - Answer✔✔-George Wald



96% of the elemental composition of body mass



(1) two or fewer electron shells

(2) strong intramolecular bonds

(3) double and triple bonds

(4) maintenance of structure



ex) phosphate is the perfect framework for DNA

why is ATP a universal form of energy - Answer✔✔-high energy in phosphate bonds



can be utilized in all biochemical pathways



2/46

,EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER
©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024
Claude Bernard - Answer✔✔-all creatures are bound by the same laws as inanimate

matter



homeostasis

homeostasis - Answer✔✔-a constant internal environment in the face of a changing

external environment

control system components of homeostasis - Answer✔✔-(1) sensor (protein based)

(2) controller

(3) effector (changes physiological variable)

negative feedback - Answer✔✔-reducing the change in physiological variable



goes back towards a set point



main type of feedback

key events in the evolution of life - Answer✔✔-(1) marine photosynthesis in

phytoplankton

(2) great oxygenation event -- changed mineral composition of the ocean, oxidized

methane, w/o O2 animals would not exist

Neoproterozoic Era - Answer✔✔-before the cambrian explosion



weren't simple animals, very complex ecosystem, lots of different animal species


3/46

, EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER
©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024
Cambrian Explosion - Answer✔✔-appearance of all animal phyla



major diversification of animal structure/function



unknown cause

possible causes of Cambrian Explosion - Answer✔✔-hyperopia



massive glaciation



volcanism

volcanism - Answer✔✔-movement of mantle elements into the biosphere

mass extinction - Answer✔✔-end of Devonian Period



once it occurs, largest vertebrates are lost



smaller might have meant better fitness for survival

reasons for rapid rate of evolution - Answer✔✔-accelerated after mass extinctions



predator, prey interactions



very large energy sources (phytoplankton)



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