Radiation Protection LATEST SOLUTION 2024/25 EDITION GUARANTEED GRADE A+
Radiation Protection
Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation
Goal of Radiation Protection
to prevent the occ...
Radiation Protection LATEST
SOLUTION 2024/25 EDITION
GUARANTEED GRADE A+
Radiation Protection
Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard
patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure
to ionizing radiation
Goal of Radiation Protection
to prevent the occurrence of serious radiation-induced conditions in
exposed persons and reduce stochastic effects in exposed persons to a
degree that is acceptable in relation to the benefits to the
individual and to society from activities that generate such
exposures
-NCRP report 116
World Advisory Agencies
ICRP (1928)- international committee on radiological protection.
-is considered the international authority on the safe use of sources
of ionizing radiation.
-leading international organization responsible for providing clear
and consistent radiation protection guidelines.
NCRP (1964)- National council on Radiation Protection and
Measurements.
-Reviews the recommendations formulated by the ICRP.
-Determines the way ICRP recommendations are incorporated into the
U.S. radiation protection criteria.
UNSCEAR (1955)- United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of
Atomic Radiation.
-plays a prominent role in the formulation of radiation protection
guidelines.
-Evalues human and environmental ionizing radiation exposures from a
variety of sources.
-uses epidemiological data information from followup studies of
japanese atomic bomb surveyors.
-Research conclusions to derive radiation risk assessments for
radiation-induced cancer and for genetic effects.
,NAS/NCR- BEIR- The National Academy of Sciences/ National Research
Committee on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation.
U.S. Regulatory Agencies
NRC- Nuclear Regulatory Committee
-a federal agency that has authority to control the possession, use,
and production of atomic energy in the interest of national security.
-This agency also has power to enforce radiation protection standard.
-Does not regulate or inspect X-ray imaging facilities.
-Main function is to oversee the nuclear energy industry.
-Controls the manufacture and use of radioactive substances formed in
nuclear reactors used in.
FDA- Food and Drug administration
-Conducts an ongoing product radiation control program, regulating
the design and manufacturing of electronic products, including
diagnostic X-ray equipment.
EPA- Environmental Protection Agency
-the agency was created to bring several departments under one
organization that would be responsible for protecting the health of
humans and for safeguarding the natural environment.
-general overseer responsibliteis, facilitates the development and
enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in
the environment.
OSHA- Occupational safety and health administration.
-functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment,
predominantly in industry.
-Regulates occupational exposure to radiation.
-it is responsible for regulations concerning an employee's "right to
know" with regard to hazards that may be present in the workplace.
-also regulates training programs int he work place.
The patient- Consumer Radiation Safety Act of 1981
Current law
1. Required the government to develop standards for RT certification.
2. accreditation standrds for educational programs in radiologic
sciences
3. Provides states with a model for licensure
compliance with law is voluntary, did not impose penalties.
,CARE Bill
proposed new law
consistency, accuracy, responsibility and excellence in medical
imaging.
Bill proposed to ensure that basic minimum education and
certification standards are established as part of the medicare
program for all medical imaging and radiation therapy personnel.
Sources of Ionizing Radiation Exposure
Natural: (82%) 2.9 mSv
1. Cosmic radiation (photons and particulate radiation)
2.Terrestrial radiation
-(radium, thorium, and uranium)
*Radon is a decay product off radium
-Radon is greatest natural source to humans, present in the air
-Radon gas can enter home through cracks, floor drains, porous cement,
sump pumps and well water.
3. Radionuclides (internal and external)
-Can occur naturally in the human body.
Man-Made: (18%) .65 mSv
1. X-rays (diagnostic, dental)
-greatest man-made source to humans.
2. Radiopharmeaceuticals (nuclear medicine imaging)
3. Consumer products (cigarettes)
4. Air travel
5. Nuclear fuel production
6. Nuclear fallout.
Units of Radiations Measure
Absorbed dose
-Ray
-Gray
Biologically effective dose
-RBE
-Rem
-Sievert
Dose equivalent
effective dose
roentgen
Units of Radiation Measure
, Rad- Radiation Absorbed Dose (dose)
-dose received by patient
-expressin rad or Gy (gray)
- 1 Gy = 100 Rad
- 1 rad = .01 Gy
Rem- Radiation Equivalent Man (dose equivalent)
-dose of occupational exposure
-expressed in rem or Sv (sievert)
- 1 Sv = 100 rem
- 1 rem = .01
Roentgen- Radiation intensity in air
-radiation survey instruments
-expressed in c/kg
- 1R = 2.58 x 10^-4 c/kg
Absorbed Dose of Radiation
The amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by the irradiated object.
Photoelectric absorption depends:
-atomic number of tissue
-mass density of tissue
-energy of incident photon
measured in rad/gray
Rad
Radiation Absorbed Dose
A measure of the energy deposited in a material.
1 rad = 100 ergs of energy in one gram of material.
1 Gray = .01 joules/kilogram of material.
-SI unit of absorbed dose
used to express patient dose in rads or grays
1 Gy = 100 rad
1 rad = .01 Gy
Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE)
Not all radioactivity has the same biological effect, even for the
same amount of absorbed dose.
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