Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology 5th edition
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by Tommie L Norris
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1. Chapter 1 ci
Although the basic structure of the cell plasma membrane is formed by a lipid bilayer, most oft
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he specific membrane functions are carried out by:
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A) Bound and transmembrane proteins ci ci ci
B) Complex, long carbohydrate chains ci ci ci
C) Surface antigens and hormone receptors ci ci ci ci
D) A gating system of selective ion channels
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Ans: A ci
Feedback:
The functions of plasma membrane depend on the presence of proteins that are bound in the lipid
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bilayer and some that have the ability to pass freely into and out of the cell.
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Carbohydrate chains form a cell coat that surrounds the membrane and that contain surface an
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tigens and surface hormone receptors. Some ion channels are gated and open only when them
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embrane potential changes significantly.
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2. Which describes the function of the nucleus?
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A) It is basically the site of protein synthesis in the body.
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B) It contains the genetic code for the individual.
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C) It is the transformer of cellular energy.
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D) It initiates the process of aerobic metabolism.
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Ans: B ci
Feedback:
The nucleus contains DNA, which contains the genetic code that contains the information that co
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ntrols cells. Ribosomes synthesize protein. Mitochondria transform organic compounds into cell
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ular energy. Mitochondria require oxygen for aerobic metabolism, using hydrogen and carbon co
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mbined with oxygen molecules to form carbon dioxide and water as energy is released.
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3. Which of the following aspects of the function of the nucleus is performed by ribosomal
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RNA (rRNA)? ci
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A) Copying and carrying DNA instructions for protein synthesis
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B) Carrying amino acids to the site of protein synthesis
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C) Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs ci ci ci ci ci ci
D) Regulating and controlling protein synthesis ci ci ci ci
Ans: C ci
Feedback:
There are three types of ribonucleic acid (messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA)
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that move to the cytoplasm and carry out the actual synthesis of proteins.
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies and carries the DNA instructions for protein synthesis to the
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cytoplasm; ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the site of protein synthesis; and transfer RNA (tRNA)t
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ransports amino acids to the site of protein synthesis for incorporation into the protein being s
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ynthesized.
4. Which accurately explains the functions of the organelles lysosomes? They:
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A) Are sacs filled with enzymes that breakdown and remove foreign substances and worn-
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out cell parts
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B) Function in association with the endoplasmic reticulum to modify protein end products
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and package them into secretory granules or vesicles
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C) Are small particles of nucleoproteins that are involved in the synthesis of proteins that
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remain in the cell as cytoplasmic structural or functional elements
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D) Are a dynamic system of interconnected membranous tubes that functions as a tubular
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communication system for transporting various substances from one part of the cell to another
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Ans: A ci
Feedback:
Lysosomes are sacs that are filled with hydrolytic enzymes that aid in the processing and remov
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al of unwanted substances within the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus functions in association w
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ith the endoplasmic reticulum to modify and package substances in preparation forsecretion, wh
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ereas ribosomes are small particles of nucleoproteins that are involved in the synthesis of protei
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ns. The ER is a tubular communication system for transporting various substances from one part
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of the cell to another.
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5. Impairment in the function of peroxisomes would result in:
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A) Inadequate sites for protein synthesis ci ci ci ci
B) An inability to transport cellular products across the cell membrane
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C) Insufficient energy production within a cell ci ci ci ci ci
D) Accumulation of free radicals in the cytoplasm ci ci ci ci ci ci
Ans: D ci
Feedback:
Peroxisomes function in the control of free radicals; unless degraded, these highly unstable
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chemical compounds damage other cytoplasmic molecules. Peroxisomes do not directly co
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ntribute to energy production, protein synthesis, or transport of cellular secretions.
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6. Although energy is not made in mitochondria, they are known as the ―power plants‖ oft
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he cell because they:
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A) Contain RNA for protein synthesis ci ci ci ci
B) Utilize glycolysis for oxidative energy
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C) Extract energy from organic compounds
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D) Store calcium bonds for muscle contractions
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Ans: C ci
Feedback:
Mitochondria contain the enzymes needed for transforming organic compounds into energy that
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is easily accessible to the cell. Mitochondria contain their own DNA. Glycolysis is anaerobic m
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etabolism and unrelated to oxidative energy. Mitochondria store phosphate bonds (such as in A
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TP) to power cellular functions.
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7. Semen analysis indicates that the client's sperm have decreased motility. Which of the
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following cellular components may be defective within the client's sperm?
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A) Ribosomes
B) Microtubules
C) Mitochondria
D) Microfilaments
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