Summary Organic chemistry minds maps of alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters for Cambridge IGCSE and O/L
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Course
Chemistry
Institution
11th Grade
The mind maps prepared according to the new specification provides the required information related with alcohol, carboxylic acids and esters
including properties, chemical reactions , manufacturing and identification tests of above homologous series'.
Organic chemistry mind maps for Cambridge IGCSE and Cambridge O/L students
Organic chemistry mind maps
Mind maps for Alcohols
What is an alcohol ?
Alcohol is an organic homologous series. Chemical reactions of alcohol
All the members contain Carbon, Hydrogen
and Oxygen only. The functional group of 1.Combustion
alcohol is -OH ( hydroxyl group). But they are Alcohol burns well in air or oxygen, giving out heat
not alkali. They are chemically neutral. therefore alcohol is used as fuel, mainly the ethanol.
Complete combustion
C2H5OH + 3O2 →CO2+ 3H2O+ energy
Incomplete combustion
C 2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) →2CO(g) + 3H2O(l) + energy
Preparation of alcohol – Ethanol
1. Reaction of ethene with steam (industrial method) 2.Oxidation
Oxidation of alcohol will form Carboxylic acid and water
This is a rapid continuous process which produces an ethanol in the presence of acidified Potassium Dichromate
solution of higher purity and high concentration compared to (K2Cr2O7/H2SO4) as an oxidizing agent. If the
oxidation occurs, then the orange solution
Fermentation. The reaction conditions are as follows: of potassium dichromate (VI) ions is reduced to a
temperature: 3000C,catalyst: Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) green solution containing chromium (II) ions.
pressure: 60-70 atmospheric pressure C2H5OH + K2Cr2O7/H+ →CH3COOH + H2O
CH2=CH2 + H2O → CH3-CH2-OH
3. Microbial oxidation of ethanol
2. Fermentation ( traditional method) Ethanol is slowly oxidised to Ethanoic
Fermentation the process in which the enzymes in yeast known as acid(vinegar), by bacteria in the atmospheric air.
Zymase break down glucose to form ethanol and carbon dioxide. This reaction is the reason why wine goes 'sour'
Any substance that contains sugar, starch, or cellulose can be when left open in air.
CH3CH2OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O
used as raw materials. The fermentation is a slow process 4. Reaction with carboxylic acid to form esters
and takes several days to finish. The products are separated ( esterification)
Alcohol reacts with carboxylic acid to form sweet
batch wise ,and are distillated to get the pure ethanol. The Smelling organic compounds known as esters.
Reaction conditions are anaerobic , temperature should be
250C to 400C, atmospheric pressure and yeast.
Properties of alcohols
C6H12O6 ..enzymes in yeast→C2H5OH + CO2 Smaller alcohols are soluble in water
As the molecular size of the alcohols
Uses of alcohols Increases, solubility decreases.
Alcohols are used as solvents.
It is used in glues,paints, varnishes, The alcohols with lower molecular
printing inks, deodorants, colognes masses are highly volatile.
Alcohols
and after-shaves.
CnH2n + 1OH Alcohols are good solvents and
Alcohol is also used as a raw material dissolves many substances which
for making synthetic rubbers and esters. are not soluble in water.
Beer, wine, and all alcoholic Alcohols are liquids with low boiling
drinks contain some ethanol. points. So alcohols ignite quickly.
As the molecular sizes of
Ethanol is used in mouth wash and the alcohols increases , the forces
cough syrup . of attraction between the molecules
Iso-propyl alcohol is used as antiseptic. become stronger. As a result,
the melting and boiling points
increase with larger molecular size.
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