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IGCSE Combined Science - Biology
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IGCSE Combined Science - Biology IGCSE Combined Science - Biology IGCSE Combined Science - Biology
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IGCSE Combined Science - BiologyMRSGREN - ANS 1. Movement
2. Respiration
3. Sensitivity
4. Growth
5. Reproduction
6. Excretion
7. Nutrition
animal cell - ANS
plant cell - ANS
Nucleus - ANS Control center of the cell
Cytoplasm - ANS A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are protected
Organelle - ANS A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
Vacuole - ANS Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Mitochondria - ANS An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical
processes of respiration and energy production occur. (Acts as the powerhouse of the cell)
,Chloroplast - ANS organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy
from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
Cell wall - ANS strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in plant cells
Golgi apparatus - ANS A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the
cell
Cell membrane - ANS A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists
in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.
Ribosomes - ANS organelle that makes proteins
Lysosomes - ANS An organelle containing digestive enzymes
Magnification formula - ANS Image size/real size
Cilia - ANS Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
Root hair cell - ANS Absorbs water and mineral ions from the soil due to its big surface area. They also
have a large amount of Mitochondria
root hair cell (label) - ANS They lack chloroplast. Can't photosynthesize under the ground.
,how do water get from the root to the leaf of the plant for photosynthesis to happen? - ANS root hair
cell => root cortex cell => xylem => mesophyll cells.
The upper epidermis - ANS Transparent so light can pass through it to reach the palisade layer for
photosynthesis. It has no chloroplast.
red blood cells - ANS Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells. Does not have a
nucleus.
sperm cell - ANS Acts as Reproductive cell
Osmosis - ANS Diffusion of water through the cell membrane
Hypotonic Osmosis - ANS Water concentration is greater on the outside of the cell than on the inside of
the cell
Water will move IN THE CELL
Cell to swell and become swollen cell (turgid)
Isotonic osmosis - ANS no movement of water
Hypertonic Osmosis - ANS Water concentration is greater on the inside of the cell then on the outside of
the cell
Water will move OUT OF THE CELL
Cell to shrink and shrivel
Enzymes - ANS proteins that act as biological catalysts
, substrate molecule - ANS substrate molecules are the chemicals that an enzyme acts on
Active site of an enzyme - ANS the region of an enzyme that attaches to a substrate
Amylase - ANS Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches
Product of amylase and starch - ANS glucose
Protease - ANS enzyme that digests protein
Product of protease and protein - ANS amino acids
Lipase - ANS pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
Product of lipids and lipase - ANS Fatty acids and glycerol
Due to high temperature and PH (acidic), enzyme will get ____ - ANS denatured
Denatured - ANS Change the shape of an enzyme so that it can no longer fit the substrate => stop
working
When you describe a graph of enzyme - ANS 1. Be Specific (From what degree to what degree)
2. Random collision (more energy due to high temperature)
3. Optimum temperature (reaches the peak)
4. Denature (excess vibration causes change in shape)
5. enzyme won't fit anymore ( due to lock and key theory)
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