This summary provides a clear and concise basis for the course Language in multilingual contexts, which is taught in the first bachelor (semester 1) Language and Literature. The summary covers the main themes of the course, including the social aspects of multilingualism (code switching, translangu...
1. Introduction to multilingualism and its study: Terms, concepts & definitions
2. Social aspects of multilingualism
3. Linguistic and cognitive aspects of multilingualism
4. Multilingualism and Brussels
5. Language policy and language planning in multilingual contexts
Inhoud
INTRODUCTION TO MULTILINGUALISM AND ITS STUDY/ TERMS? CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS..............3
1. Preamble............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 increasing awareness of and attention to multilingualism...........................................................3
2. Defining the terms..............................................................................................................................4
2.1 What is multilingualism?..............................................................................................................4
2.2 Who or what can be multilingual..................................................................................................4
2.2.1 Individuele meertaligheid (multilinguality)............................................................................4
2.2.2 Sociale meertaligheid...........................................................................................................10
2.2.2.1 Status talen en talengroepen............................................................................................11
2.2.2.2 Taalbehoud, taalverschuiving een taal verlies..................................................................14
2.2.3 Institutional Multilinguals....................................................................................................16
2.2.4 Multilingual language use....................................................................................................16
SOCIALE ASPECTEN VAN MEERTALIGHEID............................................................................................20
DEEL 1...................................................................................................................................................20
1. In de geschiedenis van sociolinguïstisch onderzoek.....................................................................20
2. Het begrip speech community VS linguistic community...............................................................20
3. Het begrip diglossie (versus meertaligheid)..................................................................................21
4. In verhouding tot de sociolinguïstische status & functies van talen en taalgemeenschappen.....22
DEEL 2...................................................................................................................................................22
5. Traditionele voorstelling van meertalige gemeenschappen.........................................................22
6. Het concept Invisibilization...........................................................................................................23
7. Goede VS slechte meertaligheid...................................................................................................24
8. Taalcontact en identiteit...............................................................................................................24
9. Taalcontact en taalconflict............................................................................................................24
10. Meertaligheid als noodzaak en opdracht....................................................................................25
DEEL 3...................................................................................................................................................25
1
, 11. Wat is meertalig onderwijs?.......................................................................................................25
11.1 Verschillende vormen van meertalig onderwijs, afhankelijk van..............................................26
12. Mythes over meertalig onderwijs...............................................................................................28
TAAL IN CONTACT.................................................................................................................................29
Contact-geïnduceerde taalveranderingen........................................................................................29
Extreme taalvermenging..................................................................................................................33
Dood van een taal.............................................................................................................................35
MEERTALIGHEID EN BRUSSEL...............................................................................................................36
DEEL 1...............................................................................................................................................36
Korte herhaling.................................................................................................................................36
Historische achtergrond...................................................................................................................36
31 oktober 1962...........................................................................................................................37
Facts and figures...........................................................................................................................37
Belangrijkste rationale..................................................................................................................38
Bourgondische tijd........................................................................................................................39
Spaans/Habsburgse tijd (1585/1648-1714)..................................................................................39
Oostenrijkse tijd (1714-1794).......................................................................................................39
Franse tijd 1794-1814...................................................................................................................40
Hollandse tijd (1814 -1830)..........................................................................................................40
1830: dubbel taalconflict..............................................................................................................41
Belgische taalpolitiek....................................................................................................................41
Vlaamse beweging 1 “warming up”..............................................................................................42
Vlaamse beweging 2 “taalwetten van de late 19 de eeuw”............................................................42
1885: Belgische Congo..................................................................................................................42
Uitdagingen voor de 20ste eeuw....................................................................................................42
Vlaamse beweging 3: “taalwetten van de jaren 1930”.................................................................43
Vlaamse beweging 4: “taalwetten, van de jaren 1960 en verder.................................................43
staatshervormingen......................................................................................................................44
DEEL 2...............................................................................................................................................45
200 jaar in een notendop.................................................................................................................45
Vandaag: wat met de taal?...............................................................................................................45
Is dit nog een taalkundig conflict?................................................................................................45
Nederlands in Brussel & in federaal België (sinds 1989)...................................................................49
TAALBELEID EN TAALPLANNING IN MEERTALIGE CONTEXTEN.............................................................50
1. Taalbehoud en taalshift................................................................................................................50
Factoren........................................................................................................................................51
2
, RLS – GIDS.....................................................................................................................................51
2. Taalplanning.................................................................................................................................52
Types............................................................................................................................................53
3. Taalconflict...................................................................................................................................54
Wet van Neldes Gesetz.................................................................................................................54
4. Taalbeleid.....................................................................................................................................55
Attitudes.......................................................................................................................................55
5. Meertaligheid en taal ideologieën................................................................................................55
Waarom volkstelling belangrijk?...................................................................................................56
Taalideologieën............................................................................................................................56
6. Minderheidstalen en heritage languages.....................................................................................57
Talenhiërarchie.............................................................................................................................57
HLE................................................................................................................................................58
Etnolinguïstische vitaliteit.............................................................................................................58
Accculturatie.................................................................................................................................59
Taal en cultuurbeleid....................................................................................................................59
7. Gezinstalenbeleid.........................................................................................................................60
INTRODUCTION TO MULTILINGUALISM AND ITS STUDY/ TERMS?
CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
1. Preamble
1.1 increasing awareness of and attention to multilingualism
Multilingualism is of all times
But in recent years more awareness and attention to multilingualism by general public, policy
makers, and researchers. Meertaligheid komt meer voor dan gedacht
Increase of multilinguals and multilingualism due to
globalisation
technological advances (mass communication, internet)
increased migration & mobility (also in education)
blurring of political borders
advance of multilingualism education & foreign language teaching.
CLIL, immersie en 2-talig onderwijs
Meer dan 50% van de wereld is “meertalig”
MAAR war is “meertaligheid”?
3
, 2. Defining the terms
2.1 What is multilingualism?
Algemeen: aanwezigheid van 2 of meer talen in een entiteit (2-talig is ontoereikend dus
meertaligheid als koepelterm)
≈ plurilingualism
General (and deliberately vague) definition: “Multilingualism is the presence of two
or more languages within one entity”
Includes bilingualism, trilingualism, quadrilingualism, …
Alternative term (esp. in francophone literature): Plurilingualism
Bevat taal in contact
MAAR wat is een entiteit?
2.2 Who or what can be multilingual
1. Individu, individuele meertaligheid. Multilinguality à meertaligheid in een individu
People, children, adults, individuals, …
Individuele meertaligheid
4. Taalgebruik/taalgedrag van een individu/ groep
Gebruik meertaligheid
2.2.1 Individuele meertaligheid (multilinguality)
WIE IS MEERTALIG?
Verschillende definities. Individuele meertaligheid is relatief en je kan het definiëren in termen van
kennis/vaardigheden en/of hoe vaak je de talen gebruikt.
4
, KNOWLEDGE /COMPETENCE/PROFICIENCY /SKILLS IN TWO OR MORE LANGUAGE
Complex want de vraag is wat je dan precies moet kennen.
Language knowledge/competence/proficiency/skills = complex, multidimensional,
multicomponential, multilayered:
Taalkennis is niet enkel het formele systeem maar ook de kennis over waar & hoe & welke uitspraken
er passen in welke situatie.
Sociolinguïstiek : kennis over context en taalgebruik
Discourse: verbanden tussen zinnen/ teksten, hoe teksten zijn opgebouwd.
Strategic: welke strategieën heb je als bovenstaande kennis mist, de manier hoe we onze plan
trekken als we een woord niet weten.
Language knowledge as Communicative Competence = linguistic + sociolinguistic + discourse +
strategic competence
Language knowledge in terms of 4 Meta-skills:
è Productive (speak or write) vs. Receptive (listen/understand and/or read) multilingualism Þ
èMultilingualism with or without (full) literacy (multiliteracy)
10 TYPES OF BILINGUALS (IN TERMS OF LANGUAGE SKILLS )
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