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ASU BIO 340 EXAM 3(2024/2025) COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <LATEST UPDATE>

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ASU BIO 340 EXAM 3(2024/2025) COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <LATEST UPDATE> gene mutation - ANSWER alteration in the DNA sequence, including: single base-pair substitution (point mutation), insertions or deletions of one or more base pair...

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ASU BIO 340 EXAM 3(2024/2025)
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS || 100%
GUARANTEED PASS <LATEST
UPDATE>

gene mutation - ANSWER ✔ alteration in the DNA sequence, including: single
base-pair substitution (point mutation), insertions or deletions of one or more base
pairs, or larger alterations in chromosome structure

spontaneous mutation - ANSWER ✔ changes in the nucleotide sequence with no
specific agents associated with their occurrence- generally assumed to be
"accidental"

induced mutation - ANSWER ✔ changes in the nucleotide sequence that result
from the influence of external factors of natural or artificial agents, e.g. radiation
and chemical agents

transition mutation - ANSWER ✔ a point mutation in which a pyrimidine replaces
a pyrimidine (T-C or C-T), or a purine replaces a purine (A-G or G-A)

transversion mutation - ANSWER ✔ point mutation in which a pyrimidine
replaces a purine (T-A or G, C-A or G) oor a purine replaces a pyrimidine (A-T or
C or G-T or C)

tautomeric shifts - ANSWER ✔ mutations resulting in anomalous base-pair
relationships (T triple bonded to G or C double bonded to A) which then in
subsequent rounds of DNA replication lead to a point mutation

, photoreactivation - ANSWER ✔ utilizes the enzyme, PRE, that searches for DNA
dimers and breaks their covalent bonds. occurs in bacteria only (we have lost the
enzyme)

cut and patch repair - ANSWER ✔ enzymes constantly surveying DNA for
Thymidine dimers, set of molecules signaled to go in and cut the DNA and pull out
a patch of bases including the TT. Patch can vary 10-100 bases. DNA Poly 1
patches up and fills the gap (mistake-prone) and DNA ligase comes in to seal the
last nick.

Chemical mutations - ANSWER ✔ base analogs, chemicals that alter the DNA
and intercalating agents

base analogs - ANSWER ✔ compounds that resemble natural bases, but have a
high rate of switching from the common to the rare form. This shift can be
mutagenic.

alkylating compounds - ANSWER ✔ chemicals cause a reaction that adds either
methyl or ethyl groups to the base. targets G (primarily) or T (secondarily)

imperfect repair - ANSWER ✔ base excision, short patch repair, replication error
repair

base excision - ANSWER ✔ cut out the thymine dimer, leaving just the ribose
backbone

replication error repair - ANSWER ✔ no damage has occurred, its just that the
DNA Poly III put in the wrong base during replication. This is methyl-directed cut
and patch repair. The old/template strand is methylated so the repair system knows
which is the proper strand. This is a long patch repair. Amount of DNA excised is
~1000 bases. A completely different set of enzymes are used to cut out the bases
when compared to short patch repair.

error prone repair - ANSWER ✔ not template directed. E. coli has 2 polymerases:
IV and V

double strand break repair - ANSWER ✔ sealing up loose ends of the
chromosomes

, mutator genes - ANSWER ✔ knock out the repair system (mutation in a repair
gene)

genes vary mutation rates based on - ANSWER ✔ size of the gene

mutation rate - ANSWER ✔ # mutations caused - # mutations repaired

computer test - ANSWER ✔ tells if your chemical in question structurally
resembles known carcinogens.

Ames test - ANSWER ✔ test for mutation by using Salmonella mutant lines and
do a reversion test.

reversion test - ANSWER ✔ you have a known mutation in an essential gene in
the Salmonella, add the test solution and screen for reversion to wild type
Salmonella.

epidemeology - ANSWER ✔ study of disease

cancer - ANSWER ✔ accumulation of mutations in a single cell

clonal (re: cancer) - ANSWER ✔ set of identical objects; every cell in a tumor is
identical and can be traced back to one single cell that went bad (primary tumor)

mis-regulation - ANSWER ✔ divides uncontrollably

no growth control - ANSWER ✔ cells are able to go into the cell cycle when
they're not supposed to because the check points (cyclins and CDKs) are no longer
regulated.

regulatory genes gone bad - ANSWER ✔ truly a genetic disease

loss of contact inhibition - ANSWER ✔ your cells are not independent, they are
all integrating and receiving information from neighbors and all over the body
(glands making hormones). If you injure a tissue, the neighbor relationship is lost,
and those cells will start growing, restarting the G0 to G1 cell cycle to heal the
wound.

, 4 non-random factors that cause cancer - ANSWER ✔ familial, environmental,
viral, sporadic

BRAC-1 - ANSWER ✔ gene whose product is used in all cells but when both
copies are mutant, there is an increased likelihood of the person to get breast
cancer. does not guarantee that the person will get breast cancer.

Rb (Retniolblastoma) - ANSWER ✔ gene required in all cells. if you inherit one
mutant copy, there is a very good likelihood that you will get retinal cancer, first in
one eye, then the other.

familial - ANSWER ✔ inherit increased risk of cancer (5%)

environmental - ANSWER ✔ cancers of choice (skin cancer, lung cancer) (10%)

viral - ANSWER ✔ humans are among the most resistant to viral carcinogenesis.
(example of virus causing cancer in humans is HPV, causes cancer in women.)
chickens and cats are highly susceptible to certain viral cancer. Not as important in
terms of causing cancer in humans but give us insight into what cancer is

sporadic - ANSWER ✔ random and spontaneous cancer-causing mutations

2 different groups of tumor viruses - ANSWER ✔ DNA tumor viruses, RNA
tumor viruses

RNA tumor viruses - ANSWER ✔ chickens and cats are most susceptible to these.
transducing viruses. Just picked up a cancer-causing gene and when they infect
another organism they bring this gene into the host's genome.

DNA tumor viruses - ANSWER ✔ mammals are most susceptible to these. have
gene coding for proteins that take over the cell cycle

oncogenes - ANSWER ✔ genes that when altered will cause cancer because the
gene products (proteins) lie in an important growth pathway of a cell

signal transduction pathway (STP) - ANSWER ✔ a sequence of enzymatic events
that occur when a signal from outside the cell (as from contact inhibition) interacts

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