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Samenvatting - Cel I : Fysische en chemische grondslagen
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Samenvatting - Cel I : Fysische en chemische grondslagen
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lOMoARcPSD|11439016Cel I: Algemene Chemie
INHOUD
1 Atomen en moleculen: basis van biologische systemen.................................................................4
1.1 Chemische elementen............................................................................................................4
1.2 Ionen en moleculen................................................................................................................5
1.3 De dipolaire binding...............................................................................................................5
1.3.1 Coördinatiecomplexen....................................................................................................5
1.3.2 Geometrie van coördinatieverbindingen.......................................................................6
1.3.3 complexvorming in biologische systemen.......................................................................6
2 Intermoleculaire krachten en gecondenseerde fasen.....................................................................7
2.1 Types intermoleculaire krachten.............................................................................................7
2.1.1 Dipool – dipool krachten.................................................................................................7
2.1.2 Londonkrachten (dispersiekrachten)..............................................................................7
2.1.3 Waterstofbrug.................................................................................................................7
2.2 Intra- en intermoleculaire interacties in biologische macromoleculen...................................8
2.3 Aggregatietoestanden en hun specifieke eigenschappen.......................................................9
2.3.1 Vaste toestand................................................................................................................9
2.3.2 Vloeibare toestand..........................................................................................................9
2.3.3 Gassen............................................................................................................................9
3 Oplossingen: oplosbaarheid en concentratie...............................................................................10
3.1 Water als oplosmiddel..........................................................................................................10
3.2 Het oplosproces....................................................................................................................10
3.3 Lichaamsvocht......................................................................................................................10
3.4 Oplosbaarheid......................................................................................................................11
3.4.1 Oplosbaarheidsproduct Ks.............................................................................................11
3.4.2 De oplosbaarheid S.......................................................................................................11
3.4.3 Invloed van druk en temperatuur op oplosbaarheid....................................................11
3.4.4 Invloed van hydrolyse eb zuurtegraad van de oplossing...............................................12
3.4.5 Invloed van complexvormers........................................................................................12
3.4.6 Biomedische aspecten van oplosbaarheid....................................................................12
3.5 Concentratiegrootheden......................................................................................................12
3.6 concentratie en giftigheid.....................................................................................................13
3.7 Essentiele elementen in het menselijk lichaam....................................................................13
4 Oplossing: osmose........................................................................................................................13
4.1 Begrip osmose......................................................................................................................13
4.2 Iso-, hyper- en hypotonisch..................................................................................................14
4.3 Het bereiden van een fysiologische oplossing......................................................................14
, lOMoARcPSD|11439016
Cel I: Algemene Chemie
4.4 Osmotische eigenschappen van elektrolytoplossingen........................................................14
4.5 Gibbs-Donnanevenwicht......................................................................................................15
4.6 Colloïden of colloïdale mengsels..........................................................................................15
5 Biochemische kinetiek..................................................................................................................16
5.1 Reactiesnelheid voor (bio)chemische deeltjes......................................................................16
5.2 Invloed van de concentratie op de snelheid.........................................................................17
5.3 Verandering van de concentratie met de tijd........................................................................17
5.4 moleculaire verklaring van de reactiesnelheid.....................................................................18
5.5 Invloed van temperatuur op reactiesnelheid........................................................................19
5.6 Invloed van een katalysator..................................................................................................19
5.6.1 Natuurlijke katalysatoren of “enzymen”.......................................................................19
5.7 Reactiekinetiek en reactie-evenwicht...................................................................................20
6 Chemische reacties: energie en evenwicht...................................................................................20
6.1 Energie en warmte................................................................................................................20
6.2 Cellen zetten één type van energie om in het andere..........................................................20
6.3 Calorimetrie..........................................................................................................................21
6.4 Wet van behoud van energie................................................................................................21
6.5 Enthalpie en enthalpieverandering ∆H.................................................................................21
6.6 Berekening van enthalpieveranderingen..............................................................................22
6.7 Entropie en spontaneïteit.....................................................................................................22
6.8 De verandering in Vrije Energie ∆G bepaalt de spontaneïteit...............................................22
6.9 vrije energie en chemisch evenwicht....................................................................................24
6.10 Chemische potentiaal...........................................................................................................24
6.11 Vrije energie en nuttige arbeid.............................................................................................24
6.12 Gekoppelde reacties.............................................................................................................25
7 Zuren en basen.............................................................................................................................25
7.1 pH.........................................................................................................................................25
7.1.1 Het ionenproduct van water.........................................................................................25
7.2 Intrinsieke zuursterkte en moleculaire structuur..................................................................26
7.2.1 Intrinsieke zuursterkte van covalente hydriden, H-X.....................................................26
7.2.2 Zuursterkte van oxozuren.............................................................................................27
7.3 pH van sterke zuren en basen...............................................................................................28
7.4 pH van zwakke zuren en basen.............................................................................................28
7.5 pH van mengsels van zuren en basen...................................................................................29
7.6 pH van meerbasische zuren..................................................................................................29
7.7 pH van oplossingen van zouten – hydrolyse.........................................................................29
8 Zuurtegraad en levende materie..................................................................................................30
8.1 Amfolyten (amfotere bestanddelen)....................................................................................30
, lOMoARcPSD|11439016
Cel I: Algemene Chemie
8.1.1 Alkali-hydrogeniumzouten van zwakke polyzuren........................................................30
8.1.2 Zuur-basegedrag van aminozuren.................................................................................31
8.2 Bufferoplossingen.................................................................................................................32
8.2.1 De componenten van een buffer..................................................................................32
8.2.2 Werking en pH van een buffer......................................................................................32
8.2.3 Controle op de bufferende werking van een bufferoplossing.......................................32
8.2.4 Buffercapaciteit.............................................................................................................32
8.2.5 Gebruik van buffers in medische experimenten...........................................................34
9 Elektrochemie...............................................................................................................................34
9.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................34
9.2 Galvanisch element – Voltacel..............................................................................................34
9.3 Standaardreductiepotentialen – elektromotorische kracht E...............................................35
9.4 Standaard elektromotorische kracht E°................................................................................35
9.5 Elektromotorische kracht, concentratie en Gibbs vrije energie............................................36
9.5.1 Potentiaalbetrekking van Nernst...................................................................................36
9.5.2 Elektrochemisch evenwicht..........................................................................................36
9.5.3 Concentratiecellen........................................................................................................36
9.5.4 Biologische concentratiecellen.....................................................................................37
9.5.5 Standaardreductiepotentialen in biologische systemen (E°’)........................................37
9.5.6 Redoxpotentialen in de mitochondriën........................................................................37
9.6 Elektroforese........................................................................................................................37
9.6.1 Basisprincipes...............................................................................................................37
9.6.2 Elektrische variabelen...................................................................................................38
9.6.3 Elektrokinetische potentiaal ......................................................................................38
9.6.4 Ionsterkte I....................................................................................................................38
9.6.5 pH.................................................................................................................................39
9.6.6 Temperatuur en viscositeit............................................................................................39
9.6.7 Specifieke interacties....................................................................................................39
9.6.8 Experimentele aspecten...............................................................................................39
9.6.9 Enkele elektroforesemethoden.....................................................................................39
1 Atomen en moleculen: basis van biologische systemen
1.1 Chemische elementen
, lOMoARcPSD|11439016
Cel I: Algemene Chemie
1.2 Ionen en moleculen
- In de natuur komen alleen edelgassen voor als monoatomische deeltjes - De rest:
o Enkelvoudige stoffen o Verbindingen (als moleculen of als ionen)
Ionbinding
- Metaal niet-metaal
- Grote ∆E
- Lossen goed op in water
- Ionaire bestanddelen: kationen & anionen, gerangschikt tot kristal
Covalente binding
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