obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep, which leads to absence of breathing; can produce daytime drowsiness and elevated blood pressure
OSA manifestations
-loud snoring
-snorting
-witnessed apnea
-gasping during sleep
-recurrent waking during sleep
-chok...
NSG 530 EXAM 2
Autoimmunity
reaction of immune response to one's own tissues
Tolerance
self-antigens not normally seen by the immune system
Most common autoimmune disease
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Type 1 DM, MS, RA
notable autoimmune diseases
SLE
chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects many body systems- more
women than men
Clinical Manifestations of SLE
- arthralgias or arthritis
- vasculitis and rash
- renal disease
- hematologic changes, especially anemia
- cardiovascular disease
SLE Positive Labs
ANA screen
Alloimmunity
,Immune reaction to tissues of another individual
x3 alloimmunity reactions
transfusion reactions, transplant reactions, fetus during pregnancy
Allo-antigens
Non-self antigens from members of the same species
Transfusion reaction
a serious, and potentially fatal, complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe
immune response occurs because the patient's blood and the donated blood do not
match
Universal donor
Type O blood
Universal recipient
type AB blood
Type A blood has ________ antibodies in the blood plasma.
B antibodies
Rh blood type
Presence or absence of Rh factor (antigen D) on erythrocytes determines if blood type
is positive or negative
Hemolitic disease of the newborn
Rh - mothers, Rh + fetuses
,Rhogram
antigen D immunoglobulin-
Rh incompatibility (necessary for Rh negative mothers who give birth to an Rh positive
baby; prevents hemolytic disease of the newborn)
Transplant reaction that is immediate and rare- what happens to tissue?
hyperacute, instant, graft turns white instead of pink
Transplant reactions- acute and chronic are what type of reactions?
type IV (4)
HTN and diabetes are risk factors for which transplant reactions?
chronic
Immune deficiency
the loss of the body's ability to respond to antigens and epitopes
Primary immunodeficiency
congenital; usually genetic errors
, Secondary immunodeficiency
(acquired) loss of immune functioning as a result of an illness or treatment
Immune Deficiencies
Congenital [Bruton, DiGeorge, SCID] and acquired [HIV/AIDS]
DiGeorge Syndrome
congenital- failure 3rd/4th pharyngeal pouches to develop; T cell deficiency; absent
thymus
Bare lymphocyte syndrome
1. Partial or complete deficiency in MHC I or MHC II
2. Patients have an increased susceptibility to viral and opportunistic infections
3. Symptoms: range from none to severe combined immune deficiency, depending on
number of MHC expressed
Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies
-most common immune deficiency
-defective B-cell development
Hypogammaglobulinemia
an abnormally low concentration of gamma globulin in the blood and increased risk of
infection
Agammaglobulinemia
disorder marked by an almost complete lack of immunoglobulins or antibodies
Phagocyte defects
Inadequate numbers or defects in function of phagocytes
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