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Samenvatting - Politicologie
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Samenvatting - Politicologie Ugent samenvatting politicologie
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lOMoARcPSD|11439016POLITICOLOGIE
SAMENVATTING
UGENT
HOOFDSTUK 1: WAT IS POLITIEK?.................................................................................................................10
1.1 INLEIDING......................................................................................................................................................10 1.2
WAT IS POLITIEK? OP ZOEK NAAR EEN OMSCHRIJVING............................................................................................10
1.2.1 De oorsprong van het begrip...............................................................................................................10
1.2.2 Politiek en territorium (en bevolking)...................................................................................................10
1.2.3 Van nachtwaker naar nanny.................................................................................................................10
1.3 GESCHIEDENIS................................................................................................................................................10 1.4
INDELINGEN: ESSENTIALLY COTESTED CONCEPT?....................................................................................................11 1.5 D E
RELATIVITEIT VAN INDELINGEN: OVER SCHMITT EN EASTON.................................................................................11
1.5.1 Carl Schmit...........................................................................................................................................11
1.5.1.1 De radicale democratie..................................................................................................................................12
1.5.2 David Easton.........................................................................................................................................12
1.5.2.1 Systeemtheorie..............................................................................................................................................12
1.5.2.2 Easton verus Schmit.....................................................................................................................................13
1.5.3 Omschrijving van politiek: naar een synthese.......................................................................................13
1.5.4 Politiek en conflicten.............................................................................................................................13
1.6 UITLEIDING....................................................................................................................................................15
HOOFDSTUK 2: DE WETENSCHAP DER POLITIEK............................................................................................16
2.0 INLEIDING......................................................................................................................................................16 2.1
DE WETENSCHAPPELIJKE STUDIE VAN POLITIEK......................................................................................................16
2.1.1 Zijn politieke wetenschappen wetenschap?..........................................................................................16
2.1.1.1 Institutionele erkenning.................................................................................................................................16
2.1.1.2 Ideaalbeeld van de wetenschap....................................................................................................................16
2.1.1.3 Moeilijk te bepalen aanvangsvoorwaarden...................................................................................................16
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2.1.1.4 Het weer wil niet mee...................................................................................................................................17
2.1.2 Kan politicologie objectief
zijn?.............................................................................................................17
2.1.2.1 Hoe omgaan met onvermijdelijke subjectiviteit............................................................................................17
2.1.2.1 What’s in the name?......................................................................................................................................17
2.1.3 Een discipline met taalproblemen.........................................................................................................18
2.1.4 Een afzonderlijke dicipline?$.................................................................................................................18
2.2 BENADERINGEN IN DE WETENSCHAP DER POLITIEK.................................................................................................18
2.2.1 Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................18
2.2.2 Behavioralisme......................................................................................................................................18
2.2.3 Institutionalisme...................................................................................................................................20
2.2.3.1 De oude visie.................................................................................................................................................20
2.2.3.2 De nieuwe versie...........................................................................................................................................20
2.2.3.3 Verschil tussen oud en nieuw........................................................................................................................21
2.2.4 Rationele-keuzebenadering..................................................................................................................21
2.2.4.1 Eigenbelang, rationeel handelen...................................................................................................................22
2.2.4.2 Uitgangspunten.............................................................................................................................................22
2.2.4.3 Speltheorie....................................................................................................................................................22
2.2.4.4 Olsons theorie van het collectief handelen....................................................................................................23
2.2.4.5 Theorie over coalitie en regeringsvorming....................................................................................................23
2.2.5 Systeembenaderingen...........................................................................................................................24
2.2.6 Interpretatieve, constructivistische benadering....................................................................................24
2.2.7 Structurele (-functionalistische) benaderingen.....................................................................................25
3.7.1 Structureel functionalisme...............................................................................................................................25
3.7.2 Structuren en functies......................................................................................................................................26
2.2.8 Marxisme..............................................................................................................................................26
2.2.8.1 Uitganspunten...............................................................................................................................................26
2.2.8.2 Betekenis.......................................................................................................................................................27
HOOFDSTUK 3: IDEOLOGIEËN.......................................................................................................................28
3.1 INLEIDING......................................................................................................................................................28 3.2
EEN OUD, FELBEDISCUSSIEERD CONCEPT..............................................................................................................28
3.2.1 Geschiedenis van het concept ideologie...............................................................................................28
3.3 WAT IS IDEOLOGIE...........................................................................................................................................28 3.4
DE MORFOLOGIE VAN IDEOLOGIEËN....................................................................................................................29 3.5
LINKS EN RECHTS: EEN GPS IN DE POLITIEK?........................................................................................................29
3.5.1 Oorsprong van links-rechts...................................................................................................................29
3.5.2 De relevantie van links-rechts...............................................................................................................29
3.5.3 Ontdubbeling van de links-rechts kwestie............................................................................................30
3.6 EEN BEKNOPT OVERZICHT VAN ENKELE IDEOLOGIEËN..............................................................................................31
3.6.1 Liberalisme............................................................................................................................................31
3.6.2 Conservatisme.......................................................................................................................................32
3.6.2.1 De Christendemocratie..................................................................................................................................32
3.6.2.2 Cummunautarisme........................................................................................................................................33
3.6.2.3 Hedendaags conservatisme...........................................................................................................................33
3.6.3 Socialisme..............................................................................................................................................33
3.6.3.1 Revolutionair socialisme................................................................................................................................34
3.6.3.2 Reformatorisch socialisme.............................................................................................................................35
3.6.3.3 De ‘derde weg’-visie......................................................................................................................................35
3.6.4 Nationalisme.........................................................................................................................................35
3.6.5 Ecologisme............................................................................................................................................36
3.7 IS ER NOG EEN TOEKOMST VOOR IDEOLOGIEËN?....................................................................................................37
3.7.1 Het einde van de ideologie?..................................................................................................................37
3.7.1 En het populisme dan?..........................................................................................................................37
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3.8 UITLEIDING....................................................................................................................................................37
HOOFDSTUK 4: MACHT................................................................................................................................38
4.1 INLEIDING: MACHT IS EEN MOEILIJK VAK..............................................................................................................38 4.2
WAT IS MACHT?.............................................................................................................................................38
4.2.1 De bestandsdelen van macht: de visie van Dennis Wrong...................................................................38
4.2.2 De moeilijke verhouding tussen macht en invloed................................................................................39
4.3 VORMEN VAN MACHT......................................................................................................................................39 4.4
BRONNEN VAN MACHT.....................................................................................................................................40 4.5
DIMENSIES VAN MACHT....................................................................................................................................40
4.5.1 De eerste dimensie: het pluralisme.......................................................................................................40
4.5.2 De tweede dimensie: de kritiek op het pluralisme van Bachrach en Baratz.........................................41
4.5.3 De derde dimensie: de visie van Steven Lukes......................................................................................41
4.6 POTENTIËLE, ‘ONZICHTBARE’ MACHT?.................................................................................................................42
4.7 STRUCTURELE MACHT......................................................................................................................................43 4.8
HOE MACHT METEN?......................................................................................................................................43
4.8.1 De reputatiemethode............................................................................................................................43
4.8.2 De decisie- of besluitvormingsmethode................................................................................................43
4.8.3 Het effectenonderzoek..........................................................................................................................43
4.8.4 De positiemethode en het netwerkonderzoek......................................................................................44
4.8.5 Meting van macht in termen van machtsbronnen...............................................................................45
HOOFDSTUK 5: MACHT IN WEINIG HANDEN.................................................................................................46
5.1 INLEIDING: OVER DE STUDIE VAN ELITES...............................................................................................................46
5.1.1 Studie van elites is de studie van macht en dus de studie van onze samenleving................................46
5.1.2 Elites zijn niet per se problematisch, politieke elites zijn niet alleen.....................................................46
5.1.3 België is een elitair politiek systeem.....................................................................................................46
5.2 ELITE: OORSPRONG, BESCHRIJVING EN CRITERIA....................................................................................................46
5.2.1 Oorsprong.............................................................................................................................................46
5.2.2 Beschrijving...........................................................................................................................................46
5.2.3 Criteria...................................................................................................................................................46
5.3 ‘RULE BY ALL’, ‘RULE BY MANY’ OF ‘RULE BY THE HAPPY FEW’ ?...............................................................................47
5.3.1 En het marxisme dan?...........................................................................................................................47
5.3.2 Het pluralisme.......................................................................................................................................47
5.3.2.1 Een antitheorie..............................................................................................................................................47
5.3.2.2 Elite en overheid in het pluralisme................................................................................................................47
5.3.2.3 Roots van het pluralisme...............................................................................................................................48
5.3.2.4 Pluralisme in het dagelijks taalgebruik...........................................................................................................48
5.3.2.5 Bekendste pluralist........................................................................................................................................48
5.3.2.6 Kritiek............................................................................................................................................................48
5.3.3 Het elitisme...........................................................................................................................................48
5.3.3.1 Geen theorie van het elitisme.......................................................................................................................48
5.3.3.2 Vilfredo Pareto...............................................................................................................................................49
5.3.3.3 Gaetano Mosca..............................................................................................................................................49
5.3.3.4 Robert Michels..............................................................................................................................................49
5.3.3.5 James Burnham.............................................................................................................................................49
5.3.3.6 Charles W. Mills.............................................................................................................................................49
5.3.3.7 Neo-elitisme..................................................................................................................................................49
5.3.3.8 Joseph schumpeter........................................................................................................................................49
5.3.4 Het (neo)corporatisme..........................................................................................................................50
5.3.4.1 Korte omschrijving.........................................................................................................................................50
5.4 HEDENDAAGS ELITEONDERZOEK.........................................................................................................................52 5.5
PROCESBESCHRIJVING VAN POLITIEKE REKRUTERING: PIPPA NORRIS...........................................................................53 5.6
CENTRALE ELEMENTEN VAN HET POLITIEKE REKRUTERINGSPROCES............................................................................54
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5.6.1 Sociale achtergrond..............................................................................................................................54
5.6.2 Motivatie en ambitie.............................................................................................................................54
5.6.3 Kandidaatselectie..................................................................................................................................54
5.6.3.1 Methodes van kandidaatselectie...................................................................................................................55
5.6.3.2 Selectiecriteria...............................................................................................................................................56
5.6.3.3 Kandidatenselectie in België..........................................................................................................................56
5.7 POLITIEKE CARRIÈRES.......................................................................................................................................56 5.8
UITLEIDING....................................................................................................................................................56
HOOFDSTUK 6: MACHT IN VELE HANDEN.....................................................................................................57
6.1 INLEIDING......................................................................................................................................................57 6.2
POLITIEKE CULTUUR.........................................................................................................................................57
6.2.1 Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................57
6.2.2 Wat is politieke cultuur.........................................................................................................................57
6.2.2.1 Politiek en wetenschappelijk begrip..............................................................................................................57
6.2.2.2 Definities.......................................................................................................................................................57
6.2.3 The Civic Culture....................................................................................................................................58
6.2.3.1 Almond & Verba en verder............................................................................................................................58
6.2.3.2 Politieke legitimiteit en politiek vertrouwen..................................................................................................59
6.2.4 Subculturen en breuklijnen...................................................................................................................60
6.2.4.1 Wat is een breuklijn?.....................................................................................................................................61
6.2.4.2 Lipset en Rokkan............................................................................................................................................61
6.2.4.3 Postmaterialisme en nieuwe breuklijnen.......................................................................................................62
6.3 POLITIEKE SOCIALISATIE....................................................................................................................................63
6.3.1 Mensen zijn geen computers................................................................................................................63
6.3.2 Wat is politieke socialisatie...................................................................................................................63
6.4 POLITIEKE PARTICIPATIE....................................................................................................................................63
6.4.1 Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................63
6.4.2 Verschillende benaderingen en evolutie van het concept.....................................................................64
6.4.3 Vormen van politieke participatie.........................................................................................................64
6.4.3.1 ‘Klassieke’ indeling van vormen van politieke participatie.............................................................................64
6.4.3.2 ‘Invited’ en ‘invented’ spaces.........................................................................................................................65
6.4.4 Verklaringen voor de variatie in politieke participatie..........................................................................67
6.4.5 Stemgedrag...........................................................................................................................................67
6.4.5.1 Waarom stemmen?.......................................................................................................................................67
6.4.5.2 De ‘paradox of voting’...................................................................................................................................68
6.4.5.3 Effecten afschaffing opkomstplicht................................................................................................................68
6.4.5.4 Verklaring van het stemgerag........................................................................................................................68
6.4.5.2.1 het Michigan-model: socialisatie, groepslidmaatschap en partij-identificatie........................................69
6.4.5.2.2 Rational Choice: economische overwegingen en issue voting...............................................................69
6.4.5.4.3 Het image model: personalisering en imago..........................................................................................70
6.4.5.4.4 Modellen Heywood om stemgedrag te onderzoek................................................................................70
6.5 SOCIALE BEWEGINGEN.....................................................................................................................................70
6.5.1 Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................70
6.5.1.1 Politieke mobilisatie.......................................................................................................................................70
6.5.1.2 Gewijzigde visie.............................................................................................................................................71
6.5.2 Begripsafbakening................................................................................................................................71
6.5.3 Ontstaan van sociale bewegingen........................................................................................................72
6.5.3.1 De collectieve behavior theorie....................................................................................................................72
6.5.3.2 De mass society-benadering..........................................................................................................................72
6.5.3.3 De theorie van de relatieve deprivatie...........................................................................................................72
6.5.3.4 de resource mobilization-benadering............................................................................................................72
6.5.3.5 De political opportunity-benadering..............................................................................................................72
6.5.4 De toekomst van de sociale beweging..................................................................................................73
6.6 UITLEIDING....................................................................................................................................................73
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