I GOT 8.3 FROM THE EXAM. Concept list (that was sent by professor Sarah Bracke) with my own detailed definitions based on the course readings and lectures. Definitions also include what authors specifically said about given concept. Check out my other note with detailed readings summaries and notes...
Concepts
Race
● emerges as an outcome of racialisation
● Lentin: is doing rather than being
○ not ontology, not essential | it can be done to you or you can do it (to
racialize)
● many-tentacled and historically grounded, created in the context
● problem in thinking about race as either purely ideological, exclusively economic, or
only ‘scientific’, but it has real attachment and consequences to raced bodies
● Race is a fiction and a force = its socially constructed AND its powerful
● Hall: race works like a language = race has a discursive structure
Colour-blindness
● Bonilla-Silva: ideology based on the myth that race is no longer relevant and that
using race is racist
● (as the race is relevant because of its structural consequences) it legitimates
contemporary racial inequality
● color-blind racism prevents whites from seeing and understanding non-white racial
reality = whites and nonwhites see two very different realities
● more here
Cultural archive
● importance of centrality of colonialism and imperialism to Western culture and
minds
● racialized common sense, similar to Bourdieu’s habitus
● Wekker: how we think, do things, and look at the world, what we find attractive was
influenced by colonialism and imperialism
● cemented in policies, in organizational rules, in popular and sexual cultures, and in
commonsense everyday knowledge
● seems natural, escaping consciousness
● Said: the cultural archive as a storehouse of “a particular knowledge and structures
of attitude and reference”, it “has influenced historical cultural configurations and
current dominant and cherished self-representations and culture”
Everyday racism
● Everyday racism is not about racists, but about racist practice, meaning racism as
common societal behavior, day-to-day practice of racism
, ● Essed: everyday racism is the integration of racism into everyday situations through
practices that activate underlying power relations
○ racism manifested in everyday (routine, without a thought)
practices/situations/actions, as in those situation are hidden power relations
● Concept of “everyday” = to bridge the structural and the interactional racism in the
fabric of the social system
● symbolic interactionism: interactions as social not individual, agency of individuals,
recognising that race and ethnicity operate through any social relation
● integration of racism into everyday practices becomes “natural”, expected,
unquestionable, seen as normal
● adds agency of individuals to Bonilla-Silva’s structural racism
Grounds for race-making
● DuBois noticed that everything can be ground for race-making, using symbolic
category of race could be justified by more means that different skin color
● Hall: religion (cleanliness, “pure Christians”), biology (scientific racism,
classification of different phenotypes into discrete races with superiority of whites,
legitimate exploitation), culture (classification of differences cultures/civilizations,
with superiority of Western culture, cultural differences used to explain oppression
and social stratification)
● Go: importance of colonialism, historical context
● Lentin’s critique: biology and culture are intertwined, presumed genetic inferiority
was always supplemented by a discourse of cultural inferiority (ethnic, cultural or
spiritual traits), they form the knowledge bank out of which racialised arguments,
laws, policies, etc. are created
Institutional racism (institutional approach)
● occurs within institutions and systems of power, unfair policies and discriminatory
practices of institutions that routinely produce racially inequitable outcomes for
people of color, e.g. Jim Crow, apartheid laws
● institutionalist approach: prejudice + power, allowing dominant race to
institutionalize its dominance
● critique by Bonilla-Silva and Essed: institutional is not enough! There’s no just
individual racism + just institutional
● Bonilla-Silva: this perspective doesn’t allows to study the operation of racially
stratified societies, obscurs the social and general character of racialized societies
● Essed: racism is more than structures and ideologies, it is a process that is routinely
creates and reinforced through everyday practices, individual racism is not outside
institutional racism
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