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EXP3604 EXAM 2 CAHILLfully solved & verified actual
exam(download to pass)
Sensory Memory- - answer is a storage system that records
information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy. The
model proposed that information is stored in sensory memory for 2
seconds or less, and then most of it is forgotten
Short-Term Memory- - answer refers to the memory system that is
responsible for holding onto a small amount of information that has
been recently taken in from the environment. As we will see below,
short- term memory has a limited capacity, both in terms of the
amount of time that the short-term memory system can hold onto
information and in the amount of information that it can hold
Chunk- - answer is a memory unit that consists of several
components that are strongly associated with one another
(Schwartz, 2011). Miller suggested, therefore, that short-term
memory holds approximately seven chunks
Long-Term Memory- - answer has a large capacity and contains
your memory for experiences and information that have
accumulated throughout your lifetime
Explain chunking in your own words and provide an example of how
it is used. How might this help when studying for an exam or
memorizing a phone number? - answer Chunking is forming letters
or numbers together that are adjacent to each other. Suppose that
your telephone area code is 617, and all the office phone numbers
at your college begin with the same digits, 346. If 617 forms one
chunk and 346 forms another chunk, then the phone number 617-
,346-3421 really contains only six chunks (that is, 1+1+4). The entire
number may be within your memory span.
Why might sensory memory be hard to prove? - answer it's so
abstract and hard to study because it's taken in by the senses.
How did Sperling's experiment demonstrate sensory memory? Use
Whole vs. Partial report in your response. - answer It shows that
you keep a visual image in your brain for a fraction of a second, so
when Sperlings used the 3 different tones for the participants to
recall letters from each row they were able to go into their brain
and retrieve that particular row to recall the letters in the short
period of time (partial report) rather than when the participants
were asked to recall letter from the entire thing because they didn't
know where to look and once they got to the 5th letter, the image
disappeared (whole report)
Differentiate between sensory memory and short-term memory. -
answer The term Sensory refers to the initial process of storing
info that is perceived through our senses. Short term memory
includes the manipulation of the temporary stored info
What is the duration of short-term memory? - answer 15-30
seconds
Brown/Peterson and Peterson technique- - answer involves
presenting participants with some items that they are instructed to
remember. Partici- pants then perform a distracting task. After
spending some time on the distracting task, participants are
subsequently asked to recall the original items. This technique
showed that our memory is fragile for material stored for just a few
seconds.
Results of Brown/Peterson- - answer On the first few trials, people
recalled most of the letters. However, after several trials, the
previous letters produced interference, and recall was poor. After a
, mere 5-second delay—as you can see from Figure 4.1—people forgot
approximately half of the letters they had seen.
Rehearsal- - answer means repeating the items silently
Serial-position Effect- - answer refers to the U-shaped relationship
between a word's position in a list and its probability of accurate
recall
Recency Effect- - answer better recall for items at the end of the
list. Many researchers have argued that this relatively accurate
memory for the final words in a list means that these items were
still in short-term memory at the time of recall. Mistakes based on
sensory error.
Primacy Effect- - answer with enhanced recall accuracy for items at
the beginning of the list. These early items are presumably easy to
remember for two reasons: (1) They don't need to compete with any
earlier items, and (2) People rehearse these early items more
frequently. Mistakes usually based on meaning
Delay and order of reports- - answer affects short term and
recency.
Semantics- - answer The meaning of words and sentences. In
general, then, semantic factors influence the number of items that
we can store in short-term memory. Specifically, words that we have
previously stored can interfere with the recall of new words that are
similar in meaning (EX: occupations vs fruit)
Proactive Interference- - answer people have trouble learning new
material because previously learned material keeps interfering with
their new learning
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