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Computer-Mediated Communication - Walther 1996- There are more and more reports that show that CMC can be as a personal interaction
as FTF
- A new perspective to CMC is to consider situations where either personal or impersonal
communication is beneficial.
- By identifying factors that support personal online communication, we can also come up
with ways to intentionally make online interaction less personal when needed.
- This approach is also helpful for understanding how Group Decision Support Systems
works. These systems are designed to achieve positive outcomes for groups by
controlling how people communicate with each other
Lecture 1
- The still face experiment - a study about young toddlers: a mother sits down with her
baby who is 1 years old and plays with them, they communicate. Then the mother is
asked not to respond to the baby, the baby immediately notices and tries to get her
mother’s attention again by smiling at her, pointing in different directions, puts both
hands up in front of mother, she screams when she doesn’t get the attention, the baby
becomes more frustrated and eventually cries.
- Interpersonal communication processes determine:
1. Mutual understanding
2. Agreement vs. disagreement
3. Relationship
4. Achievement of goals
- People with good interpersonal skills are less stressed, have higher self-efficacy
(believing in themselves), more satisfaction in intimate relationships, more friends, les
depression and anxiety
- The source-receiver model (linear) - a sender puts a message through a desired
channel, and then the person receiving it figures out what the message means
- The transactional model - ongoing process where individuals interact and collaborate,
adapting to each other’s input. It emphasizes a transactive and cooperative exchange
where both parties contribute to creating mutual meaning during the communication
process.
- In the transactional model, conversations are:
➔ Transactive - a two-way process where both parties contribute and interact to
create shared meaning
➔ Joint action - collaborative effort
➔ Interdependence, reciprocity
, ➔ Interpretations about meanings and intentions on both sides
➔ Much is left unsaid (like in charades where you understand even without using
actual words)
- Interpretations play a role in conversations and on relationship levels
- Example of misinterpretation - (unintentional) eye contact / touch
- Sexual overperception bias - the tendency to believe that others are more sexually
interested in you than they actually are
- People tend to think that language use has everything to do with words and what they
mean, but it actually has everything to do with people and what they mean. It is about
the speakers’ intentions
- Understanding the intentions in communication involves:
➔ Influence of context - understanding depends on the situation or surrounding.
Context dimensions:
1. Set induction - how the conversation begins or is initiated
2. Physical environment - the surrounding or location of where the
conversation is taking place
3. Temporal factors - time-related. Like how long the conversation is, or
when things are said (timing)
4. Social psychological factors - individuals’ thoughts, feelings, behaviors.
a. Interpersonal relationship - roles, status history between people
b. Communication history - shared experiences or common ground
in past interactions
5. Culture - impact of cultural differences in communication
6. Type of situation - the nature or context of the situation, including
expectations or scripts (like how you expect first dates to go).
➔ Influence of conversation partner’s behavior - the person’s behavior affects the
perception of their intention (tone, expressions, non-verbal cues)
➔ Influence of the medium - how we communicate (face-to-face, chat…) effects
perception
- Behavior of conversation partners determines the course of conversations
- Medium determines which behavior is possible, which signals go back and forth
- Purposes of nonverbal communication:
1. Replacing, complementing, and modifying verbal communication
2. Regulating conversations
3. Expressing emotions and interpersonal attitudes
4. Negotiating relationships
5. Conveying personal and social identity
6. Contextualizing interaction
,- Interpersonal communication can navigate and shape relationships by influencing how
people perceive, understand, and respond to each other.
- Negotiating relationships can be done by nonconscious mimicry
- Chameleon effect - when people mimic unintentionally the behaviors of people around
them. The study:
1. People (participants) work on a task with 2 helpers (that know about the study)
in 2 rounds.
2. The experiment involves one helping shaking their foot, and the other rubbing
their face (or the other way around) and test the effects of these mimicries.
3. The interaction is recorded with a hidden camera. People who don't know about
the experiment watch the recordings and count how many times the foot shakes
or face rubs.
- Nonverbal mimicry conclusions:
➔ Mimicry occurs automatically (unconscious, no awareness, unintentional,
uncontrollable)
➔ With more mimicry → interaction experienced as more pleasant, interaction
partner judged as nicer
➔ Communication accommodation theory - people adjust their communication
style to either convergence with others (make it similar) or diverge from others
(make it different) based on social motivations
1. People tend to converge when → they seek social approval, similarity, or
a positive relationship
2. People tend to diverge when → expressing distinctiveness, asserting
individual identity, or emphasizing differences
➔ Neurological explanations - mirror neurons → perceiving an action activated
motor context = motor readiness to perform the same action
- Dominant body posture - taking up a lot of space (postural expansion)
- Submissive body posture - taking up a little
- Nonverbal complementarity - people unconsciously copy to complement each other’s
body language during interactions. This means that if someone appears dominant, the
other person may naturally respond with submissive body language, and vice versa. The
experiment:
1. Participants collaborate with a confederate (someone who knows about the
study but doesn’t tell the other participants) displaying either dominant or
submissive body postures.
2. Nonverbal complementarity was observed, indicating that individuals tend to
mirror of complement the body postures of their interaction partners, aligning
with the dominance or submissive displayed
, 3. In experiment 1 - the confederate’s posture was told to be either submissive or
dominant, while the participants’ posture was spontaneous reactions
4. Results - when the person they were working with acted confidently (dominant
posture), the participants tended to at mre passively (submissive posture), and
vice versa. People tend to respond in a way that balances or complements the
behavior of the person they were interacting with
5. In experiment 2 - both confersate and participant were asked to be in certain
positions and not spontaneously (one dominant, other submissive =
complementarity. Both dominant, or both submissive = similarity)
6. Results - when one person had a dominant posture and the other had a
submissive posture (complementarity), the interaction is seen as more pleasant,
and the partner is judged as nicer. When both have either dominant or
submissive posture (similarity), the interaction is perceived as relatively
unpleasant
- Nonverbal ‘status’ position - submissive - hesitations, turn taking, not interrupting,
avoiding eye gaze
- Interpersonal circumplex models - control (degree of dominance) & affiliation (level of
warmth, friendliness:
1. Control + affiliation = sociable extraverted
2. No control + affiliation = modest innocent
3. No control + no affiliation = reserved introverted
4. Control + no affiliation = arrogant competitive
Lecture 2
- One of the purposes of nonverbal communication includes conveying personal and
social identity
- Conveying personal and social identity is leaving an impression on others; either
consciously or unconsciously
- Attractiveness bias - if they have a symmetrical and average face. They are judged as
more likable. Socially competent, outgoing, intelligent, healthy
- Halo effect - initial positive evaluation of a person induces more positive evaluations of
other characteristics
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