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POB Final Exam Shadwick Latest Update 2024.
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POB Final Exam Shadwick Latest Update 2024.Microbiota - Correct answer typical complement of bacterial species found on the
human body; includes species found both internally and externally
Beneficial effects of microbes - Correct answer -Nutrient cycling
-Photosynthesis
-Bioremediation
Also valuable for industrial processes life food processing
Chemical evolution - Correct answer 1. Simple organic molecules, called monomers,
evolved from inorganic compounds prior to the existence of cells. Amino acids, the
basis of proteins, and nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA, are examples
of organic monomers
2. Organic monomers were joined, or polymerized to form organic polymers, such as
DNA, RNA, and proteins
Biological evolution - Correct answer 3. Organic polymers became enclosed in a
membrane to form the first cell precursors, called protobionts
4. Protobionts acquired the ability to self-replicate, as well as other cellular properties
Four stages that lead to the formation of cells - Correct answer 1. Organic monomers
2. Organic polymers
3. Protobionts
4. Living Cells
for more info see above slides
Significance of the miller Urey experiment - Correct answer proved that organic
molecules can be made from inorganic molecules
Compare and contrast the protein first vs RNA first hypotheses - Correct answer Protein
first - some of these newly formed polypeptides had enzymatic properties
RNA first - only the macromolecule RNA was needed to progress toward formation of
the first cells.
Major Characteristics of Archaea - Correct answer - prokaryotes
- Sometimes have introns
- Histones
- Several types of RNA polymerase
Methionine is at start of protein synthesis
- Do not have nucleus or organelles
Major characteristics of Bacteria - Correct answer Unicellular, prokaryotic, asexual, rigid
cell wall of peptidoglycon, multiply by binary fission
Major characteristics of Eukaryotes - Correct answer -Have nucleus and organelles
, -Introns
-Histones
-Several types of RNA polymerase
-Methionine is at start of protein synthesis
Halophiles - Correct answer -Love salt, usually in salt concentrations 4-5x the salt
concentration of the ocean (SLC, Dead Sea)
Thermoacidohiles - Correct answer -Usually found in extremely hot, acidic, aquatic
environments such as hot springs, geysers, and underwater volcanoes
Methanogens - Correct answer -Use carbon dioxide and hydrogen as energy sources
and produce methane
-can be found in anaerobic environments like swamps, lake sediments, rice paddies,
and the intestines of animals
Structural features of bacteria - Correct answer -can be rod shaped, spherical, and
spiral shaped
-between .2 and 10 um in size
-all have plasma membrane
-most have a cell wall as well
-Flagella is used for locomotion, but cilia is not
Describe reproduction of bacteria - Correct answer -bacteria reproduce asexually
-The process is called binary fission
-It just grows until it is big enough to divide into two daughter cells
3 ways bacterial can increase their genetic variation - Correct answer -Conjugation,
when a donor cell passes DNA to a recipient cell
-Transformation, when a bacterium takes up DNA released into the medium by dead
bacteria
-Transduction, when viruses carry portions of bacterial DNA from one bacterium to
another
Metabolism and ecological function of Cyanobacteria - Correct answer -produced much
of the oxygen in the atmosphere
-algae
-first colonizers of rocks
Diseases caused by Streptococcus Pyrogenes - Correct answer -pneumonia
-meningitis
-middle ear infection
-strep throat
-Scarlet fever
Diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus - Correct answer -skin infections
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