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PNB 2274 Exam 3 Chen Verified Questions And Answers 2024/2025
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PNB 2274 Exam 3 Chen Verified Questions And Answers 2024/2025 What protects the brain? (3 things) ANS 1. The bones of the cranium 2. The cranial meninges 3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) What are the cranial meninges? (List superficial to deep) ANS 1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid 3. Pia mater ...

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  • October 9, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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PNB 2274 Exam 3 Chen Verified Questions And
Answers
What protects the brain? (3 things) ANS 1. The bones of the cranium
2. The cranial meninges
3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)



What are the cranial meninges? (List superficial to deep) ANS 1. Dura mater

2. Arachnoid
3. Pia mater


Dura Mater ANS - "Hard mother"

- 2 fibrous layers
- Space between layers contains tissue fluids, blood vessels and lymphatic system!



Arachnoid ANS - Arachnoid membrane: Epithelial layer

- Subarachnoid space
- Does not follow the brain's underlying folds


Pia Mater ANS - Follows the brain's underlying folds
- Accompanies the branches of cerebral blood vessels
- Protect central nervous system by containing CSF which cushions brain and spine



The Brain receives constant supply of blood regardless of activity ANS Membrane transporters
move glucose plasma into the brain interstitial fluid



Progressive _____________ leads to confusion, unconsciousness, and death ANS (Progressive)
*Hypoglycemia*

,Oxygen can freely pass across the blood-brain barrier.

True or false. ANS True



The brain consumes about __________ of the body's glucose. ANS Half



What arteries supply the brain with blood? (2 answers) ANS - Internal carotid arteries
- Vertebral arteries


What veins drain blood from the brain, returning it to the heart via the superior vena cava? (1 answer)
ANS - Internal jugular veins



Anastomosis ANS A cross-connection between adjacent channels, tubes, fibers, or other parts of
a network.



Circle of Willis ANS - A circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding
structures
- It is named after Thomas Willis (1621-1675), an English physician



Collateral Circulation ANS Is the alternate circulation around a blocked artery or vein via another
path


Blood-Brain Barrier is composed of....(3 answers) ANS -Endothelial cells (tight junctions)
-Basal Lamina
-Astrocyte foot processes



Functions of the BBB ANS - Limit paracellular solute flux
- Regulate composition and volume of brain interstitial fluid



What is the neurovascular unit composed of? ANS - Capillaries

, - Neurons
- Glial cells
- Endothelial cells
- Pericytes


Glial cells compose of ___________ and ____________ ANS Astrocytes and microglial



Pericytes are known for __________ and producing _________ _____________ ANS
contractility; angiogenic factors


All together the neurovascular unit plays a role in ANS Regulation of regional blood flow


Clicker Question!
From breadth to breadth, which one of the following will be more subjected to a change in pH?
a. Brain interstitial fluid

b. Plasma ANS Brain interstitial fluid



Brain Interstitial Fluid vs. Plasma (5 answers) ANS Brain Interstitial Fluid
- Lower pH (7.33) resulting from a higher pCO2 (50mmHg)
- Very low protein content (0.2 g/l), resulting in a low buffering capacity
- Lower glucose concentration
- Low K (due to absorption of K into the blood)
- Low HCO3-



Blood vessel related CNS Pathologies involving the BBB ANS - Traumatic brain injury
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Ischemia, hypoxia
- Migraine

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