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OAT- Biology Exam Questions And Answers
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OAT- Biology OAT- Biology OAT- Biology
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OAT- BiologyIngestion - ANS Acquisition of food
Assimilation - ANS Building of new tissues from digested food
Monosaccharide - ANS single sugar subunit
- carb
Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharide - ANS 2 monosaccharides
- carb
Ex: sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharide - ANS Polymer of sugar subunits
-carb
- insoluble in water
- Ex: glycogen, cellulose, starch
Lipids - ANS 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol
- chief meANS of food storage
-Major component of adipose tissue
-Steroids, waxes, carotenoids, poryphyrins
Proteins - ANS Polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
,-Hormones (ACTH & Insulin), enzymes, structure proteins (collagen), transport (hemoglobin), antibodies
Enzymes - ANS ↓ activation E and ↑ rate of rxn
- do NOT affect overall E
-↑ temp : ↑ enzyme action/ optimal pH= 7.2 (except pepsin and pancreas)
Competitive Inhibitors (enzymes) - ANS Compete with substrate for binding at ACTIVE site
- can be overcome by adding more substrate
-Vmax not affected
Noncompetitive Inhibitors (enzymes) - ANS bind at allosteric site
- diminishes Vmax
Prokaryotes - ANS Bacteria
-Contains ribosomes, nucleic acids, plasma membrane, nucleoid, cell wall
-Lack nucleus, membrane-bound organelles,
Eukaryotes - ANS Cell wall in fungi and plants
- Nucleus, and membrane bound organelles
Centrioles - ANS microtubules involved in spindle organization during cell division
-NO membrane
-plants lack centrioles
Centromere - ANS Near middle of eukaryotic chromosomes where spindle fibers attach
,Lysosome - ANS Membrane bound
-Involved in ingestion
-Hydrolytic enzymes
-has the ability to "commit suicide"
Mitochondria - ANS -generate energy (oxidative phosphorylation → ATP)
-self-replicating organelles
-contain DNA in circular plasmids
Desmosomes - ANS "Spot welds"
-attach cells together and give cells mechanical strength
-Ex: skin
Tight junctions - ANS seal the spaces between cells and prevent cell leakage
Ex: intestinal cells
Nucleus - ANS "information center"
-Contains chromosomes, DNA and RNA
-Separated by a double membrane nuclear envelope
Nucleolus - ANS Within the nucleus
-Ribosome synthesis takes place
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ANS Transport network for molecules targeted for certain modifications
and specific destinations
, Rough ER - ANS Has ribosomes on its surface
-secretes proteins into cytoplasm
Smooth ER - ANS Lacks ribosomes
-plays a role in Calcium sequestration and release
Ribosomes - ANS -RNA and protein molecules
-Can be found floating freely or bound to a membrane
Vacuoles - ANS Store food and waste
-Plant vacuoles usually bigger than animal vacuoles
Gap Junction - ANS Allows cells to exchange nutrients and for molecular communication
Endosymbiotic Theory - ANS Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as independent unicellular
organisms living in symbiosis with larger cells
Fluid Mosaic Model - ANS Lipids and proteins are free to move back and forth fluidly
- diffuse laterally
-Integral proteins: embedded in membrane by hydrophobic interactions - hard to remove
-Peripheral proteins: stuck to integral membrane proteins by H-bonding or electrostatic interactions -
easy to remove
Cell surface receptors - ANS Type of integral membrane protein
-3 types
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