Exam 1 MCB 3020 Study Guide
Questions and Answers
Definition of a cell - Answer-the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
Hallmarks of a Cell - Answer-Cell membrane, Genetic material, Self-replication,
Regulation, Similar macromolecules, Energy use
What is the status of Prions, virions, and viruses - Answer-Non-living, acellular, do not
share the hallmarks of cells.
List effect of microbe on ecosystem - Answer-Ecosystems would not be sustainable
without the existence of Microbes
List extreme conditions at which microbes can thrive - Answer-Microbes can live in
nearly every extreme condition imaginable. For example, extremely salty conditions,
extreme hot or cold, and extremely acidic or basic condtions
Describe ways Microbes Shape Our Planet? - Answer-Photosynthetic microbes
increases Earth's atmospheric oxygen levels. Microbes play a role in biogeochemical
cycle such as converting nitrogen form inorganic form to organic forms and then back
again.
Where in body bacteria may be found, and at what age bacteria start colonizing human
body? - Answer-Bacteria can be found anywhere in the body and bacteria starts to
colonize soon after birth.
Which kingdoms and domains are prokaryotes and which ones are eukaryotes? -
Answer-Prokaryotes are in Domain Archaea and Bacteria. Eukaryotes are in Domain
Eukarya.
Prokaryotes are in the Kingdome Monera. Eukaryotes are in the Kingdom Protista,
Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
List membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes - Answer-
Mitochondira, golgi, lysosomes, chlorplast, nucleus etc. Membrane bound organelles
only found in Eukaryotes
Eukarya Vs Bacteria Vs Archaea
Presence of and makeup of cell wall - Answer-Eukaray - Cellulose or chitin
Bateria- Peptidoglycan
Archaea- Psedopeptidoglycan
Eukarya Vs Bacteria Vs Archaea
Presence of organelles - Answer-Eukarya- Organelles present
, Bacteria and Archaea- Organelles not present
Eukarya Vs Bacteria Vs Archaea
Chromosome structure and organization - Answer-Eukarya- Multiple linear
chromosomes
Bacteria and Archaea- Single circular chromosomes
Compare the characteristics of bacteria and archaea - Answer-Both are prokaryotes
Lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles
Bacteria cell wall composed of peptidogylcan
Archaea cell wall composed of psuedopeptidoglycan
Archaea usually found in extreme conditions
Which domain of microorganisms may possess Hami? - Answer-Only produced by
Archaea
What is its possible use/role of Hami? - Answer-Hami are a network of cells that have a
structure that makes them look like a grappling hooks, suggesting they are involved in
attaching cells to surface.
List the six major bio element - Answer-C, H, O, N, S, F
List which six major bio elements are the ones present in each of the four polymers -
Answer-Lipids- C,H,and O
Polysaccharides - C, H and O
Protein- C,H,O, N and S
Nucleic Acid- C,H,O, N and P
List and define major chemical bonds used to connect biological molecules - Answer-
Ionic Bond- Electrons are transferred, creating ions
Covalent Bond- The sharing of electrons to complete the other shell
H-bonding- H atoms interact with other electronegative atoms (O,N,F)
Explain the role of water in biological activities. - Answer-Biochemical reactions almost
always occur in water. H bonding between increases the bioling point and makes it a
good temperature buffer and makes it an excellent solvent.
Define water activity aw, osmosis, osmolarity, and osmotolerant - Answer-Water Activity
(Aw) is a quantitative measurement of the water availability in a habitat.
Osmosis- the the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane, from less
concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution (high water of concentration to an
area of low water concentration )
Osmolarity- describes the concentration of solute particle in a solution.
Questions and Answers
Definition of a cell - Answer-the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
Hallmarks of a Cell - Answer-Cell membrane, Genetic material, Self-replication,
Regulation, Similar macromolecules, Energy use
What is the status of Prions, virions, and viruses - Answer-Non-living, acellular, do not
share the hallmarks of cells.
List effect of microbe on ecosystem - Answer-Ecosystems would not be sustainable
without the existence of Microbes
List extreme conditions at which microbes can thrive - Answer-Microbes can live in
nearly every extreme condition imaginable. For example, extremely salty conditions,
extreme hot or cold, and extremely acidic or basic condtions
Describe ways Microbes Shape Our Planet? - Answer-Photosynthetic microbes
increases Earth's atmospheric oxygen levels. Microbes play a role in biogeochemical
cycle such as converting nitrogen form inorganic form to organic forms and then back
again.
Where in body bacteria may be found, and at what age bacteria start colonizing human
body? - Answer-Bacteria can be found anywhere in the body and bacteria starts to
colonize soon after birth.
Which kingdoms and domains are prokaryotes and which ones are eukaryotes? -
Answer-Prokaryotes are in Domain Archaea and Bacteria. Eukaryotes are in Domain
Eukarya.
Prokaryotes are in the Kingdome Monera. Eukaryotes are in the Kingdom Protista,
Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
List membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes - Answer-
Mitochondira, golgi, lysosomes, chlorplast, nucleus etc. Membrane bound organelles
only found in Eukaryotes
Eukarya Vs Bacteria Vs Archaea
Presence of and makeup of cell wall - Answer-Eukaray - Cellulose or chitin
Bateria- Peptidoglycan
Archaea- Psedopeptidoglycan
Eukarya Vs Bacteria Vs Archaea
Presence of organelles - Answer-Eukarya- Organelles present
, Bacteria and Archaea- Organelles not present
Eukarya Vs Bacteria Vs Archaea
Chromosome structure and organization - Answer-Eukarya- Multiple linear
chromosomes
Bacteria and Archaea- Single circular chromosomes
Compare the characteristics of bacteria and archaea - Answer-Both are prokaryotes
Lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles
Bacteria cell wall composed of peptidogylcan
Archaea cell wall composed of psuedopeptidoglycan
Archaea usually found in extreme conditions
Which domain of microorganisms may possess Hami? - Answer-Only produced by
Archaea
What is its possible use/role of Hami? - Answer-Hami are a network of cells that have a
structure that makes them look like a grappling hooks, suggesting they are involved in
attaching cells to surface.
List the six major bio element - Answer-C, H, O, N, S, F
List which six major bio elements are the ones present in each of the four polymers -
Answer-Lipids- C,H,and O
Polysaccharides - C, H and O
Protein- C,H,O, N and S
Nucleic Acid- C,H,O, N and P
List and define major chemical bonds used to connect biological molecules - Answer-
Ionic Bond- Electrons are transferred, creating ions
Covalent Bond- The sharing of electrons to complete the other shell
H-bonding- H atoms interact with other electronegative atoms (O,N,F)
Explain the role of water in biological activities. - Answer-Biochemical reactions almost
always occur in water. H bonding between increases the bioling point and makes it a
good temperature buffer and makes it an excellent solvent.
Define water activity aw, osmosis, osmolarity, and osmotolerant - Answer-Water Activity
(Aw) is a quantitative measurement of the water availability in a habitat.
Osmosis- the the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane, from less
concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution (high water of concentration to an
area of low water concentration )
Osmolarity- describes the concentration of solute particle in a solution.
