Psychopathology Exam 2 With well
illustrated 140 questions & Answers.
Psychopathology Exam 2 With well-
illustrated 140 questions & Answers.
What is the difference between sadness and depression - ANSWER- -sadness is a
typical response to the environment, while depression occurs at atypical times
-depression influences your daily functioning
how did kevin breel describe depression and sadness in his ted talk? - ANSWER- -
being sad is when everything in your life is going wrong, depression is when things are
right
-depression is something you live in
-many people don't talk about depression
-he feared his own emotions
describe the differences between anxiety and depression - ANSWER- -depression:
hopelessness, sad mood, low energy
-anxiety: fear/panic, threat, nagging worry
what are some similarities between anxiety and depression - ANSWER- -cognitive
troubles (decision making, concentrating, thinking)
-restlessness
-agitation
-physical complaints
what are the differences between grief and depression - ANSWER- -grief: feeling of
emptiness/loss, triggered, involves sad feelings of thoughts and memories
-depression: persistent state of unhappiness, may be accompanied by positive
emotions, involves sad feelings related to self-loathing
what are criteria A and B for depression - ANSWER- A) must have 5 symptoms for 2
weeks
B) must cause distress or impairment
describe the 9 symptoms in DSM-5 for depression - ANSWER- -depressed for most of
the day/most days
-changes in appetite/weight
-insomnia
-fatigue
-psychomotor agitation (slowed speech or can't sit still)
-changes in cognitive abilities
-diminished interest
-inappropriate feelings of worthlessness
,Psychopathology Exam 2 With well
illustrated 140 questions & Answers.
-thoughts of suicide/self harm
what is the prevalence rate for depression? - ANSWER- 7%
who is more likely to have depression - ANSWER- -females
-18-29 year olds
-comorbidity
state the 4 etiological theories of depression. what is the general conclusion about
etiological theories of depression? - ANSWER- -biological (genetic, neurotransmitter,
neurobiological)
-stress/environment
-cognitive
-behavioral
-relatively inconclusive research
what is the diathesis model of depression - ANSWER- -integrates multiple theories
-born with a biological disposition to it (biological or nurtured early), that sets you up for
greater risk, gets worse when confronted with a stressor
explain the genetic risk factors of depression, what is the name of the gene involved in
this - ANSWER- -30-50% heritability, but it could also be due to nurture and
environment that you grew up in
-serotonin transporter gene
explain the serotonin transporter gene - ANSWER- -there are 2 alleles related to
depression, short and long allele
-the environment you grew up in strongly impacts your ability to handle stress if you
have the short allele
-if you grew up in early trauma stressful environment and face stressor=higher
depression
-if you grew up in nurturing environment and face stressor=more resilient than longer
allele
-shows that genetics plays a role in how you handle stress and chance of getting
depression, and shows the plasticity of the short allele
-has replication studies issues
*interaction with environment is the determining factor
explain the neurotransmission factors of depression, is this always the case - ANSWER-
-monoamine deficiency: people who don't have enough serotonin (deficiency) can take
serotonin antagonists that bind to the receptor. people who take SSRI (blocks it from
leaving system) showed improvement
-serotonin receptor sensitivity: receptor may absorb serotonin before it leaves the
system, take drugs from stopping it from happening
, Psychopathology Exam 2 With well
illustrated 140 questions & Answers.
*not as simple as serotonin goes up and depression goes down, could have a lot of
secondary reasons and antidepressants only work for 50% of people
explain the two pathways that are a part of the neurobiological risk factors of depression
- ANSWER- 1) cognitive circuit increased reactivity to negative cues: the when the
prefrontal cortex is mismanaged, which is the gatekeeper of the affective circuit, there is
an increased reactivity to negative cues. This inhibits areas of the affective circuit.
2) affective circuit increased activation: parts of the brain that process emotion. includes
limbic system (hippocampus and subcortical areas).
-hyperactive affective circuit and reduced cognitive circuit
what is the area that connects the affective and cognitive circuits? how is this impacted
when the cognitive circuit is mismanaged - ANSWER- anterior cingulate cortex
-connection between these circuits has higher affect for people with depression
what is the dopaminergic reward pathway in depression - ANSWER- -primary dopamine
pathway and the part of the brain that processes rewards
-people with depression have irregularities in dopamine transport, which means their
responsiveness to reward goes down
-explains the lack of motivation and pleasure aspect of reward what does
what does anhedonia mean - ANSWER- inability to feel pleasure
explain the neurobiological role of stress on depression - ANSWER- -depression causes
an increase in cortisol (stress), which is detected in the hippocampus
-cortisol saturates the hippocampus which decreases its volume, so it will not be
producing nearly as much bdnf
-bdnf is important for neurogenesis and influences the prefrontal cortex
-prefrontal cortex therefore can't regulate the HPA axis like it usually does and
influences stress response
what do many researchers think is at the heart of depression, based on neurobiological
stress risk factors - ANSWER- lower production of BDNF (not definite, just a possibility)
Explain basis of Beck's cognitive theory of depression - ANSWER- -people have
different values that are important to them (ex. i am loved). if you come from an
environment that is not nurturing, your core values may be more negative
-these core beliefs are below the surface and don't come up until there is a stressor
-stressor challenges your core beliefs in 3 aspects: negative schema, cognitive biases,
negative triad
explain negative schema in Beck's cognitive theory of depression - ANSWER- -the lens
through which you view your environment
-core belief activates this schema
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