ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WGU D115 EXAM / WGU
D115 OA ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ACTUAL EXAM
2024 /2025 COMPLETE REAL QUESTIONS AND WELL
ELABORATED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS) LATEST UPDATED VERSION |GUARANTEED
PASS. (REVISED EXAM)
What are the 3 layers of human defense? What happens during
each? - Answer-Physical- protect against damage and infection
are composed of tightly associated epithelial cells including
those of the skin and of the membranous sheets lining the
gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts.
Mechanical- "washing" the surfaces (sloughing off of dead skin,
vomiting, urination, coughing). Biochemical barriers- secrets
substances meant to trap of destroy microorganisms. (Mucus,
sweat, saliva, tears, sebaceous glands, and earwax).
What is the second line of defense and the process? - Answer-
Inflammatory response- rapid and nonspecific, protective
response to cellular injury from any cause. It can occur only in
vascularized tissue.
How do acute and chronic inflammation differ? - Answer-Acute-
Short duration, 8-10 days from onset to healing. The three
systemic changes associated with the acute inflammatory
response are fever, leukocytosis, and plasma protein synthesis.
,Chronic inflammation- can be a continuation of acute
inflammation that last 2 weeks or longer. It can also occur as a
distinct process without much preceding acute inflammation.
What are the phases of wound healing and the process that
takes place during each? - Answer-Phase 1- Inflammation-
includes coagulation and the infiltration of cells that participate
in wound healing, including platelets, neutrophils, and
macrophages. Phase 2- Proliferation and New Tissue Formation
(Reconstruction)- wound begins to heal. This stage begins 3-4
days after injury and continues for as long as 2 weeks. Phase 3-
Remodeling and Maturation- phase for recovering normal
tissue structure that can persist for years
How does the inflammatory response differ in neonates? -
Answer-Neonates often have transiently depressed
inflammatory function, particularly neutrophil chemotaxis and
alternative complement activity.
How and why does aging affect innate immunity? - Answer-
Aging alters the tissue microenvironment and macrophage
function with changes in wound healing neoangiogenesis and
fibrosis.
, What is the third line of defense and the process that takes
place? - Answer-Adaptive immunity (immune response or
immunity)- the third line of defense in the human body.
Consists of lymphocytes and serum proteins called antibodies. -
Secondary responder-augments the initial defenses against
infection and provides long term security against re-infection. -
B cells- humeral can kill free floating pathogens - T cells- cell -
mediated- can kill pathogens hiding inside cells.
How and why does the neonate have a poorly developed
immune response? - Answer-The human neonate has a poorly
developed immune response, particularly in the production of
IgG. The fetus and neonate are protected in utero and during
the first few post-natal months by maternal antibody that was
actively transported across the placenta.
What terms are collectively known as hypersensitivity
reactions? - Answer-Allergy, autoimmunity, and alloimmunity
are collectively known as hypersensitivity reactions.
Hypersensitivity Response I - IgE mediated- primary cause of
common allergies. Binds with mast cells which release
histamine. (initiates allergic reaction). Histamine release leads
to bronchial smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction,
and immune response II- tissue specific- wrong blood type
administered or hemolytic disease of the newborn.
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