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NTR 419_594 Exam 3 2024_2025 fully solved & updated
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NTR 419_594 Exam 3 2024_2025 fully solved & updated
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NTR 419/594 Exam 3 2024/2025 fullysolved & updated
-Metabolic; hyperglycemia
-Secretion
-Action - ANSWER-Diabetes is:
A group of _______ disorders characterized by chronic ______ resulting from
defects in:
-Insulin ______ (absence of) --> T1D
-Insulin ______ (tissue insensitivity/resistance to it) --> T2D and Gestational
diabetes
-Glycated
-Blood glucose; A1c
-Surrogate; blood glucose; average
-Clinical - ANSWER-HbA1c = Hemoglobin A1c:
-______ protein = glucose attached to it
-The higher the ____ ____ levels + the more time they spend elevated --> higher
____ levels
-_____ marker for long term ______ _____ control vs one-time fasting level;
reflects _____ blood glucose levels over previous ~3 months
-More accurately identifies those at risk for _____ outcomes vs fasting glucose
-->Retinopathy
-->Nephropathy
-->Neuropathy
-Heart disease; stroke
-Death - ANSWER--Diabetes is the leading cause of:
,-->Non accidental blindness --> _______
-->Kidney failure --> _____
-->Non-traumatic lower limb amputations --> _____
-A major risk factor for _____ _____ and ______ (coronary artery disease;
cerebrovascular disease; peripheral vascular disease)
-The 7th leading cause of _____ in the US
1. American Indian/Alaska Native
2. Hispanic
3. Black, Non-Hispanic
4. Asian, Non-Hispanic
5. White, Non-Hispanic - ANSWER-Rates of diabetes in different ethnicities from
highest to lowest
-In T1D, there isn't much difference in the increase between ethnicities
-In T2D, the increase in Black, non-hispanics is greater than other ethnicities, and
the rate of increase is different between ethnicities - ANSWER-Trends in
incidence of T1D and T2D in youth, overall by race/ethnicity
-Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans cells secrete hormones into blood vessels
-Exocrine: Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes into pancreatic duct -
ANSWER-Endocrine vs exocrine function of pancreas
-Peptide; orally
-Fed; meal; away - ANSWER-Insulin:
-______ (protein-derived) hormone --> can't be taken _____ (will dissolve in
stomach)
-AKA the "____" hormone: released in response to a _____; helps to put the
"food" (macronutrients) ______ (into cells) for later use
-Food inside the GI tract
-Macronutrients absorbed from GI tract into bloodstream --> monosaccharides,
amino acids, fatty acids
, -Macronutrients taken up inside the body's cells; muscle and fat - ANSWER-
Grocery store analogy:
-The grocery bag: ....?
-Food inside the bag put onto the counter: ....?
-Food put inside the cupboards: ....?
-->Some cells need insulin to open the cupboard --> _____ and _____ cells need
insulin; NOT brain, liver, hematologic cells (RBC, WBC)
~1000 AD by Aretaeus of Cappadocia
-Greek for siphon - ANSWER-When was "diabetes" coined and by who?
-1869 - Langerhans identified pancreatic islet cells --> Islets of Langerhans
-1889 - Pancreatectomy (removal of pancreas) --> diabetes in dogs - ANSWER-
History of diabetes in 19th century
~1909 - "insulin" coined for hypothesized substance secreted from pancreatic
islet cells associated with diabetes (insula = Latin for island) - ANSWER-When
was the idea of insulin proposed?
-1921: Banting and Best ligated (cut-off) pancreatic duct (removing exocrine
function) --> did NOT affect insulin secretion --> did NOT cause diabetes
-Banting, Best, Collip ultimately able to purify bovine insulin --> initially
complicated by presence of proteases (trypsin) from exocrine portion -->
destroyed insulin during extraction
-1922: first child treated with purified bovine insulin --> life-saving
-1923: Win Nobel Prize - ANSWER-Brief History of discovery of insulin by Best,
Banting, Collip
CHO:
-Glucose
-Glycogen; glucose
-Glycogenolysis
Protein:
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