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BIO 322 Final Exam Questions Solved Correctly Guaranteed Pass.
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Coronary Artery Disease - Answer How it develops? -cholesterol plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries, causing atherosclerosis pathophysiological basis of various risk factors -if left untreated, then it can lead to myocardial infarction Atherosclerosis - Answer -thickening/ha...

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  • October 10, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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BIO 322 Final Exam Questions Solved
Correctly Guaranteed Pass.
Coronary Artery Disease - Answer How it develops?

-cholesterol plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries, causing atherosclerosis



pathophysiological basis of various risk factors

-if left untreated, then it can lead to myocardial infarction



Atherosclerosis - Answer -thickening/hardening of vessel wall

-injured endothelial cells release inflammation that leads to macrophages and lipids that accumulate in
the vessels, which form plaque

-leading cause of coronary artery disease



Myocardial Ischemia (reversible myocardial ischemia) - Answer pathophysiology:

-small fissure or superficial erosion of plaque causes transient thrombotic occlusion and vasoconstriction
of the coronary artery



S/S:

-neck/jaw pain; shoulder/arm pain

-fast heartbeat

-SOB when physically active

-N/V

-sweating, fatigue



treatment:

*medications:

-aspirin, nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, cholesterol-lowering drugs, ACE inhibitors,
ranolazine

,*surgery:

-angioplasty & stenting, coronary artery bypass surgery, or enhanced external counterpulsation



Myocardial Infarction - Answer pathophysiology:

-prolonged ischemia with irreversible damage to the myocardium

*Non-STEMI*:

-thrombus disintegrates before complete distal necrosis has occurred & only myocardium directly
beneath endocardium involved

*STEMI*:

-thrombus remains & myocardium involved transcends from endocardium all the way to epicardium



S/S:

-dyspnea

-sudden, severe chest pain w/ radiation (radiation differs)

-N/V

-anxiety, dizzy, cough

-diaphoresis (profuse sweating)



treatment:

-angioplasty (w/in 90 min.)

-thrombolytic therapy (w/in 3 hrs)

-medication

~beta blockers= reduce heart rate, BP, & workload of the heart

-ACE inhibitors= decrease peripheral vascular resistance w/o increase cardiac output, increased cardiac
rate, increased cardiac contractility



lab results:

-EKG:

~STEMI: ST segment elevated (indicates transmural MI)

, ~non-STEMI: ST segment is depressed (indicates sub-endocardial MI)



Angina Pectoris (irreversible myocardial ischemia) - Answer S/S:

-sudden severe chest pain lasts 3-5 minutes

-pressure/squeezing

-fatigue, nausea, SOB

-worse with activity



lab results:

-EKG (may be normal)

-Stress tests

-Coronary angiography and cardiac catheterization (dye w/ X-rays to show coronary lumen)

-CBC= increased cholesterol, increased C-reactive proteins, anemia



Ischemia - Answer define:

-blood flow is stopped for an extended period of time



consequences of prolonged ischemia:

-myocyte necrosis/death=MI



how it relates to atherosclerosis

-myocardial ischemia is the most common cause of atherosclerosis



Normal EkG - Answer



STEMI - Answer The ST segment is elevated; indicates a transmural MI



NON-STEMI - Answer The ST segment is depressed; indicates subendocardial MI

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