Ethics and the future of business
session 1/4 (1....2) slide
questions and reflection questions
100% Correct!!
Explain normative theories - ANSWERReflect on how normative theories can help shape decisions
Explain the economic view - ANSWERThe motive of human decision-making int heir own economic
interest and well-being. Humans are perceived as rational
Explain some of the economic views in practice - ANSWERPeople care about their economic interest
People consider the interest of people cose
People will sacrifice their own economic interest to help those who are friendly and punish
unfriendly pepole
People consider the welfare of strangers when making decision
People are interested in their reputation
People care aabout their self image
Define the ethical decision making proces - ANSWER- Individual factors
1. Recognize moral issue
2. Make moral Judgement
3. Establish moral intent
4. engage in moral behavior
- Situational facots
What are some individual factors relating to the decision making process? - ANSWERAge and gender
Education and employment
Psychological factors
cognitive moral development (Kohlberg's stages: 1. reward and punishment, 2. social expectations, 3.
autonomous thinking) and locus of control
,Personal values and integrity: holding your own ethical values
→ whistleblowing
Moral imagnation
Explain the phases of cognitive moral development - ANSWERcognitive moral development
(Kohlberg's stages: 1. reward and punishment, 2. social expectations, 3. autonomous thinking) and
locus of contro
Why's experience important in the development of ethical decision making? - ANSWERExperience:
Revisiting mental models and being able to apply it to new situations
Explain locus of control and it's influence on ethical decision making - ANSWERLocus of control:
where do you put the control
→ where do you set the responsibility?
→ blaming the world/outside conditions or yourself
→ No impact on ethical decisions, but it does on level of feedback
What are some differences in countries and cultures according to Hofstede? - ANSWERNatural and
cultural characteristics
Highly criticsed in social studies
Individualism/collectivism
power distance
uncdertainty avoidance
masculinity/femininity
long-term/short-term time orientation
Indulgence
Individualistic background supports independent decision-making.
Collectivist background can lead to mirroring the common morality.
Hierarchy can lead to following an executive's orders.
Explain intercultural divisions - ANSWERWithin cultures there is a division between individualing and
binding moral orietnations, which cause culture wars
Explain situational factors in ethics - ANSWERSituational factors in ethics
Situational factors are seen to affect ethical decisionmaking more than individual factors
Situational factors → individual factors
,Which factors does the moral intensity depend up on? - ANSWERSystem of rewards: concretizes
ethics
Authority: affect behavior
Bureauracy: soffocates moral autonomy, makes morality instrumental
Work roleS: create expectations → titles which matter in role
Organizational culture: provides context and direction for decisions making → also demonstrated in
incentives
National and cultural behavior: context → in which context are we in depending on the context
Explain an ethical dilemma - ANSWERsituations which is experiences as uneasy where you have to
choose between two or more actions and these options involve moral/ethical aspects
What are some forms of Unintentional decision-making within the moral aspects? - ANSWERimplicit
forms of prejudice → recruitment processes etc
bias that favors one's own group → small acts in one group add up
tendency to overclaim credit
conflict of interest → financialy incentivized to increase or prolong business
Which cognitive biases explain some of the mistakes people make in judging things? -
ANSWERanchoring
blind-spot bias
choice-supportive bias
clustering illusion
confirmation bias → political views on climate change
convervatism bias
Explain pro-innovation Bias - ANSWERalways looking for new technology over taking other things
away
stereotyping: expecting a group or person hto have certain aualitieis without having real information
about the persons
What are some of the cornerstones to building an ethical company? - ANSWER• Beyond onboarding
and codes of conduct Work as an effective place for ethical learning
• Experience allows us to refine our mental models
See work as a moral laboratory with experiential training
• Psychological safety and reflection are key
Institutionalize group discussions and ethical pre‐ and postmortems
• Focus on serving others
Institutionalize corporate volunteerism and connect to beneficiaries
, • Encourage mentorship
Incorporate ethics in formal mentorship programs
What are the key concepts in modernist theories according to 1.1 Crane, A., Matten, D., Glozer, S. &
Spence, L. 2019. - ANSWERKey Concepts:
Normative ethical theory
Ethical Egoism
Utilitarianism
Ethics Of Duty
Categorical imperative
Human rights
Justice
Social contract
Virtue ethics
Ethic Of Care
Discourse ethics
Postmodern ethics
What are normative ethics and ethical theories? (Crane, A., Matten, D., Glozer, S. & Spence, L. 2019.)
- ANSWERNormative ethical theories: Rules, guidelines, principles, and approaches that determine
right and wrong. Ethical theories that aim to prescribe the morally correct way of acting; that is, how
we ought to behave. code of conduct that all rational beings would adhere to.
Descriptive morality = applies to a code of conduct adopted by a particular group or society; it may
be the guidelines of a religion, for instance
Explain ethical absolutism (Crane, A., Matten, D., Glozer, S. & Spence, L. 2019.) - ANSWEREthical
absolutism. On one side of the spectrum would be a position of ethical absolut- ism, which claims
that there are eternal, universally applicable moral principles. Accord- ing to this view, right and
wrong are objective qualities that can be rationally determined, irrespective of the circumstances.
Explain ethical relativism (Crane, A., Matten, D., Glozer, S. & Spence, L. 2019.) - ANSWEREthical
relativism. The other extreme would be a position of relativism, which claims that morality is context-
dependent and subjective. there are no universal right and wrongs that can be rationally
determined- it simply depends on the traditions, convictions, or practices of those making the
decision. Still a normative theory.
Explain normative ethical theories and religion (Crane, A., Matten, D., Glozer, S. & Spence, L. 2019.) -
ANSWER1. Source of rules and principles. Religions typically invoke a deity or an organized system of
belief (e.g. the teachings in the Qu'ran or the Talmud) as the source of determining right and wrong.
Faith is considered the critical requisite for acting ethically. Philosophi- cal theories, on the other
