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ENVS 2210 Exam/250 Accurate Questions and Answers
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ENVS 2210 Exam/250 AccurateQuestions and Answers
beekeeping - -art of providing bees a hive and managing them according to
season
Important to learn beekeeping practices over several seasons (experience)
and from literature
applied bee biology
anticipation of colony development and needs
- essence of beekeeping - -bee population grows rapidly after seasonal low
point (winter or wet period)
as population expands, there is a strong impulse for the population to
naturally divide by swarming
strong colonies will store a surplus of food reserves during nectar flow
after peak population, colonies decline in size, reaching a low point before
next season begins
good beekeepers recognize major seasonal events and subsequently adjust
their colony care to account for seasonal variation
- Father of Modern Beekeeping - -L. L. Langstroth
created a hive w/movable frames
discovered the bee space
- Golden Age of Beekeeping - -last half of 1800s
many practical beekeeping devices invented ex. extractor, movable-frame
hive, smoker, queen excluder
- bee space - -bees need a space of at least 9mm b/w combs in order to
pass b/w them
- honey bee - -insect of order Hymenoptera (insects w/4 membranous
wings)
have 6 legs, segmented body
3 types: queen, worker (female), drone (male)
- queen - -lays eggs (only reproductive female in colony)
produces pheromones that help maintain colony cohesion, stimulate food
foraging and regulate colony reproduction
very specialized for these duties, can't survive alone or perform her own
feeding and grooming duties
usually live 2+ years when not stressed by parasites, diseases, and
environmental events
, - drone - -male bees
bigger than workers, barrel-shaped
large eyes that meet at top of head
develop from unfertilized eggs therefore only carry 1/2 the genetic make-up
of female bees (haploid)
only function is to mate w/virgin queen during spring and summer
- worker bees - -females w/undeveloped reproductive organs and constitute
the majority of the adult population in a bee hive
adapted to perform most of the tasks in a colony
monitor drone #s, expel them from hive as weather cools in autumn
- evolutionary origin of bees - -believed to have evolved from a carnivorous
sphecoid wasp ancestor, but switched to a vegetarian (pollen and nectar)
diet
oldest fossil records are in northern Europe, over 50 million years old
Apis genus is thought to be from Africa or South Asia
- Classification - -Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Superfamily: Apoidea
Family: Apidae
Genus: Apis
Species: Apis mellifera
- species of honey bees - -Apis mellifera (most common)
Apis florea (dwarf native of Asia)
Apis dorsata (giant bee from Asia)
Apis cerana (Asian bee closely related to Apis mellifera)
- brood - -first 3 stages of bee life cycle
egg, larva, pupa
- stages of bee life cycle - -egg - 3 days for all types
larva - 5.5 days for queen, 6 for worker, 7 for drone
pupa - 7.5 days for queen, 12 for worker, 14 for drone
adult
- bee bread - -mix of pollen and nectar fed to workers and drones starting 3
days after they hatch
- ecdysone - -hormone that regulates moulting during metamorphosis
produced by prothoracic gland after being stimulated by corpus cardiac
, - juvenile hormone - -influences cell division and body differentiation during
metamorphosis
secreted by corpus allata (a brain gland)
- internal stimuli - -inside the hive
pheromone odours (produced by queen, workers, or larvae)
visual cues (seeing a returning forager perform a dance)
changes in temp in the brood nest
empty cells
- external stimuli - -outside the hive
sight and smeel of flowers (associated w/food)
climatic conditions (wind, temp, solar radiation)
can be affected by bee's previous experiences/what they've learned ex.
foragers learn to associate the flower colour and odour w/a partic nectar
reward
- types of cells - -worker cells - 0.5cm diameter, used to rear workers and
store nectar and pollen
drone cells - larger than worker cells, used to rear drones and for food stores
queen cells - peanut-shaped cells that hang from comb edges, used by bees
to rear queens
- Basic experimental approach to study the dance language - -training bees
from an observation hive to visit artificial feeding stations and observing
their dances (and their recruiting ability) after they return to the hive
- round dance - -performed by Carniolan bee for distances up to 80m
used by Apis cerana for distances up to 3m away, used by Apis dorsata up to
4/5m
bee runs around in narrow circles on comb, pausing occasionally to give hive
mates a taste sample of the food, which communicates additional info
lasts <1 min
liveliness of dance is influenced by source richness, more vigorous w/^
[sugar]
nearby bees follow dancer and touch her w/their antennae to perceive
odours (communicate floral source of food) and sometimes receive small
samples of nectar from her
then leave hive in search of food, flying in circles around hive until they find
source
*Conveys:* distance (<80m), source (smell, taste), quality (sugar [ ]),
profitability of source (liveliness of dance)
- wagtail dance - -performed by Carniolan bees if distance is greater than
80m away, can be performed by Italian and Caucasian races at 40+m
, bee runs in narrow semicircle to right or left, turns sharply and move in
straight line (oriented to gravity that encodes direction to fly) while wagging
her abdomen, then makes another semicircle
also produces low-frequency sounds w/wings (time of sound/waggling
thought to communicate distance info)
follower bees touch dancer to acquire scents and pick up vibrations using
Johnston's organ in pedicel of antennae
*Conveys:* distance (speed and time to complete a circuit of dance, more
circuits = shorter distance), source (smell and taste), quality/profitability,
quantity (number of dancing bees, frequency of dances), direction (straight-
run portion of dance, up = towards sun, down = away from sun, if right or
left, will also run right or left at an angle equivalent to that created by line
from hive to position of sun and line from hive to food)
use compass position of sun as reference for direction
number of foragers dancing increases w/profitable sources or decreases if
they become scarce, which affects the number of recruited bees
- sickle dance - -performed by Italian bees but not Carniolan bees b/w 10
and 30m from hive
appears in shape of a figure 8/crescent shape
direction is conveyed as an imaginary line through the middle of the crescent
to just
after 40m, the two lobes gradually close together to resemble wagtail dance
- breaking dance - -bees run excitedly through hive and clustered swarm
signal to leave hive to fly to bivouac site or leave from swarm cluster to
follow scout bees to new home site
- tremble dance - -similar to wagtail dance bc rapid side-to-side body
movement
returning foragers use this behaviour to recruit house bees to take their
nectar load
- grooming dance - -aka shaking dance
side-to-side body movement, accompanied by wing vibrations
performed when a bee grabs another w/her front legs and vibrates up and
down for a few secs
thought to recruit assistance in body grooming or to perform a needed hive
task
- dance floor - -most dancing occurs on lower comb surface
easier to transmit sound clues compared to when they dance on capped cells
- how do bees measure distance? - -as an optic flow pattern of their
outbound flight
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