ONS Chemotherapy Course Exam
100% Updated!!
pluripotent stem cells - ANSWERStem cells that can become almost all types of tissues and cells in
the body. (Except Embryonic)
myeloid stem cells - ANSWERMature into RBCs, Platelets, and WBCs
lymphoid stem cells - ANSWERMature into specialized WBCs called Lymphocytes
what are the types of WBCs? - ANSWERGranulocytes and Agranulocytes
Granuolcytes - ANSWERbasophils, Eosinophils, neutrophils
"BEN is GRAN"
Agranulocytes - ANSWERT lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes, and Monocytes
Innate Immunity - ANSWERFirst line of defense. Nonspecific response to non-self entity.
Examples: skin, mucus membrane, flora of the skin
Humoral Immunity - ANSWERSpecific immunity produced by B Lymphocytes and Memory B cells that
produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids.
B Cells will start dividing when it comes in contact with its antigen and will begin secreting antibodies
The pathogen will be phagocytosed by presenting cells and presented to T cells to begin cell
mediated immunity.
After the threat some of the plasma cells will become memory cells and will go to the bone marrow
where they will continue to secrete antibodies for years.
Cell Mediated Immunity - ANSWERType of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or
abnormal body cells.
Can only be activated when fragments of an antigen are put on the surface of an antigen-presenting
cell
Proto-Oncogenes - ANSWERregulate normal cell growth and division.
Mutated becomes Oncogene
, Tumor Suppressor Genes and example - ANSWERslow or stop cell growth and division
P53- suicide gene, activated apoptosis when cell is damaged beyond repair. Often mutated in cancer
cells
What are the three goals of cancer treatment? - ANSWERCure (prolonged absence of disease)
Control (no further growth)
Palliation (shrink tumor that is causing obstruction or other symptoms)
neoadjuvant therapy - ANSWERa cancer treatment that is given as the first step to shrink tumor
before main treatment
adjuvant therapy - ANSWERused after the primary treatments have been completed to decrease the
chance that a cancer will recur
induction therapy - ANSWERThe phase of treatment which is designed to obtain a remission of the
cancer. Used to prepare for stem cell transplant
myeloablation therapy vs nonmyeloablation - ANSWERObliteration of bone marrow with chemo
typically administered in high doses. Destroys immune system to prepare for transplant
Non is not as intense and uses chemo that is not as lethal to the bone marrow
Alkylating Agents - ANSWERsynthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that attack DNA, causing
strand breaks
Side Effects:
-secondary malignancies
-hypersensitivity reactions
-GI toxicities (N/V/D)
-highly emetogenic
-Renal Toxicity (need BUN and Creatinine prior)
Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) - ANSWERAlkylating agent-Nitrogen Mustards
**Hemorrhagic cystitis, can be given with Mesna
**IV or oral
**HA if given too quickly
100% Updated!!
pluripotent stem cells - ANSWERStem cells that can become almost all types of tissues and cells in
the body. (Except Embryonic)
myeloid stem cells - ANSWERMature into RBCs, Platelets, and WBCs
lymphoid stem cells - ANSWERMature into specialized WBCs called Lymphocytes
what are the types of WBCs? - ANSWERGranulocytes and Agranulocytes
Granuolcytes - ANSWERbasophils, Eosinophils, neutrophils
"BEN is GRAN"
Agranulocytes - ANSWERT lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes, and Monocytes
Innate Immunity - ANSWERFirst line of defense. Nonspecific response to non-self entity.
Examples: skin, mucus membrane, flora of the skin
Humoral Immunity - ANSWERSpecific immunity produced by B Lymphocytes and Memory B cells that
produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids.
B Cells will start dividing when it comes in contact with its antigen and will begin secreting antibodies
The pathogen will be phagocytosed by presenting cells and presented to T cells to begin cell
mediated immunity.
After the threat some of the plasma cells will become memory cells and will go to the bone marrow
where they will continue to secrete antibodies for years.
Cell Mediated Immunity - ANSWERType of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or
abnormal body cells.
Can only be activated when fragments of an antigen are put on the surface of an antigen-presenting
cell
Proto-Oncogenes - ANSWERregulate normal cell growth and division.
Mutated becomes Oncogene
, Tumor Suppressor Genes and example - ANSWERslow or stop cell growth and division
P53- suicide gene, activated apoptosis when cell is damaged beyond repair. Often mutated in cancer
cells
What are the three goals of cancer treatment? - ANSWERCure (prolonged absence of disease)
Control (no further growth)
Palliation (shrink tumor that is causing obstruction or other symptoms)
neoadjuvant therapy - ANSWERa cancer treatment that is given as the first step to shrink tumor
before main treatment
adjuvant therapy - ANSWERused after the primary treatments have been completed to decrease the
chance that a cancer will recur
induction therapy - ANSWERThe phase of treatment which is designed to obtain a remission of the
cancer. Used to prepare for stem cell transplant
myeloablation therapy vs nonmyeloablation - ANSWERObliteration of bone marrow with chemo
typically administered in high doses. Destroys immune system to prepare for transplant
Non is not as intense and uses chemo that is not as lethal to the bone marrow
Alkylating Agents - ANSWERsynthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that attack DNA, causing
strand breaks
Side Effects:
-secondary malignancies
-hypersensitivity reactions
-GI toxicities (N/V/D)
-highly emetogenic
-Renal Toxicity (need BUN and Creatinine prior)
Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) - ANSWERAlkylating agent-Nitrogen Mustards
**Hemorrhagic cystitis, can be given with Mesna
**IV or oral
**HA if given too quickly
