Bio 240-JJC Final Study guide || 100% CORRECT ANSWERS.
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Course
Bio 240
Institution
Bio 240
Binomial nomenclature correct answers species name, the Latin name, two parts
Who was the guy who developed the first microscope? correct answers Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (the Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology),
made simple microscopes
Who disproved spontaneous generation? correct answer...
Bio 240-JJC Final Study guide || 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS.
Binomial nomenclature correct answers species name, the Latin name, two parts
Who was the guy who developed the first microscope? correct answers Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek (the Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology),
made simple microscopes
Who disproved spontaneous generation? correct answers Louis Pasteur disproved the notion
of spontaneous generation of
organisms
Louis Pasteur correct answers Designed a Goose-Neck Flask to allow air to reach the sample
(beef gravy) and still keep microbes out of the sample (keep out
bacteria in dust particles)
Who was the first one to propose sterilizing surgical equipment in surgery? correct answers
Joseph Lister developed an antiseptic technique by introducing phenol to
surgery to disinfect wounds, surgical instruments and dressings
Gram Stain
Steps: correct answers 1.) Crystal Violet (primary stain = colors all cells)
2.) Iodine for 1 minute (Mordant = a substance that binds to a dye
and makes it less soluble) (all cells remain purple)
3.) Decolorizer (Ethanol and acetone) for 10-30 seconds and rinse
with water (Decolorizing Agent = breaks down the thin cell wall
of Gram Negative cells allowing the stain and mordant to be
washed away (cells are now colorless)
• Ones with thicker cell walls remain purple
Gram Positive Cell Walls correct answers -Relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan
-Contains unique polysaccharides called teichoic acids
• Some covalently linked to lipids, forming lipoteichoic
acids that anchor peptidoglycan to cell membrane
-Retains crystal violet dye in Gram staining procedure; appear
purple
-Acid-fast bacteria contain up to 60% mycolic acid; helps cells
survive
Gram Negative cells stain pink because of a thin cell wall correct answers Have only a thin
layer of peptidoglycan
Have a bilayer membrane composed of phospholipids, channel
proteins (porins), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Following Gram staining procedure, cells appear pink
, Prokaryotic Cell Walls correct answers Provides structure and shape and protects cell from
osmotic forces
Animal cells do not have; can target cell wall of bacteria with
antibiotics
Bacteria and archaea have different cell wall chemistry
Bacterial Cell Walls correct answers Most have cell wall composed of peptidoglycan; a few
lack a
cell wall entirely
Peptidoglycan composed of sugars, NAG and NAM
Chains of NAG and NAM attached to other chains by
tetrapeptide crossbridges
Endospores correct answers Purpose: Act as a defense strategy against hostile or unfavorable
conditions (Go to "sleep"/inactive, wait for more suitable conditions, then
wake up and start reproducing)
Resistant to drying, heat, radiation, and lethal chemicals, can
remain viable for tens to thousands of years
Staining Technique correct answers Schaeffer-Fulton Endospore Stain = uses heat to drive
the primary
stain, malachite green, into the endospore
• After cooling, slide is decolorized with water and counter
stained with safranin (results in green-stained endorspores
and red-colored vegetative cells
Groups of bacteria that produce endospores: correct answers Bacillus
Clostridia
Organism that causes TB correct answers has an unusual cell wall and high levels of mycolic
acid
Size comparison of bacteria to a human cells correct answers 1:10
Bacteria cell = 1 micrometer, human cell = 10 micrometer
Parfocal correct answers an object in view under the low power objective should still be
in view under the high power lens
Total Magnification correct answers Objective Lens x Ocular Lens
o Oil Immersion Lens
Increases Resolution because light does not refract
Heat Fixing correct answers A technique that uses the heat from a flame to attach a
smear to a slide
Heats the bacteria so they stick to the slide, this dries the slide and
attaches the bacteria physically to the slide
Simple Stain correct answers a stain composed of a single dye such as crystal
violet, safranin or methylene blue
• Just soak smear in dye and wash with water
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