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Het leren van deze samenvatting is voldoende om te slagen voor dit vak. Ik haalde een 16/20.
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MATERIALENLEERTABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 Probleemstelling............................................................................................ 6
1.2 Materiaalgroepen ........................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Metalen ...............................................................................................................6
1.2.1.1 Eigenschappen.................................................................................................................. 6
1.2.1.2 Maar… .............................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.1.3 Nabije, verre en heel verre toekomst… ................................................................................ 7
1.2.2 Polymeren ...........................................................................................................7
1.2.2.1 Eigenschappen.................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.2.2 Soorten polymeren ............................................................................................................ 7
1.2.2.3 Maar… .............................................................................................................................. 8
1.2.3 Keramieken .........................................................................................................8
1.2.3.1 Eigenschappen.................................................................................................................. 8
1.2.4 Composieten .......................................................................................................8
1.3 Materiaalkeuze .............................................................................................. 8
1.3.1 Eisen waaraan eindproduct moet voldoen .............................................................8
1.3.2 Aluminium vs staal ...............................................................................................9
2.1 Doelstellingen materiaalbeproevingen ......................................................... 10
(3) Microstructuur: polykristallijn metaal..................................................................... 10
2.2 Bepalen karakteristieke materiaaleigenschappen ......................................... 10
2.3 Hardheidsmeting ......................................................................................... 11
2.3.1 Harheidsmeting volgens Brinell .......................................................................... 11
Bepalen van kogeldiameter en beproevingsbelasting ................................................................... 11
2.3.2 Harheidsmeting volgens Vickers ......................................................................... 12
2.3.3 Hardheidsmeting volgens Rockwell .................................................................... 13
2.3.4 Dynamische harheidsmeting volgens Shore (terugkaatsingshardheidsmeting) ..... 14
2.4 Beproeving van de sterkte bij statische belasting ........................................... 14
2.4.1 Algemene breukverschijnselen ........................................................................... 14
2.4.2 Trekproef ........................................................................................................... 15
2.4.2.1 Inleiding .......................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.2.2 De continue trekproef .................................................................................................. 16
2.4.2.3 De intermitterende uitvoering van de trekproef.................................................................. 17
2.4.2.4 Trapsgewijze trekproef ..................................................................................................... 17
2.4.2.5 Grootheden af te leiden uit een trekproef .......................................................................... 17
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,2.5 Beproeving van de sterkte bij dynamische belasting ...................................... 18
2.5.1 Algemeen gedrag ............................................................................................... 18
Vermoeiing ................................................................................................................................. 18
2.5.2 Dynamische vermoeiingsbelasting ..................................................................... 19
3.5.3 Vermoeiingsproeven à zeer belangrijk ............................................................... 19
Beproeving van de taaiheid ......................................................................................... 21
Invloed spanningstoestand: KLASSIEKE EXAMENVRAAG .............................................................. 21
Kerfslagproef .............................................................................................................................. 21
Beproeving op bewerkingseigenschappen .......................................................... 22
Structuuronderzoek........................................................................................... 23
Non-destructief materiaalonderzoek en kwaliteitscontrole ................................. 24
Penetratiemethode .................................................................................................... 24
Magnetische beproeving............................................................................................. 24
Beproeving met magnetische inductie ........................................................................ 25
Ultrasoon onderzoek .................................................................................................. 25
Beproeving met rÖntgen en gammastralen .................................................................. 26
Inleiding ............................................................................................................ 27
Traditionele keramische materialen ............................................................................ 27
Technische keramische materialen ............................................................................ 27
Gebruik technische keramieken ................................................................................. 28
Toepassingen .................................................................................................... 28
Materialen......................................................................................................... 29
Oxide keramiek .......................................................................................................... 29
Sintertechnieken ............................................................................................... 30
Poederfabricage ................................................................................................ 30
Ken je de big five van de kunststoffen? ............................................................... 31
1. Chemie van kunststoffen................................................................................ 31
1.1 Intro ..................................................................................................................... 31
1.2 Bindingen ............................................................................................................. 31
1.2.1 Primaire covalente bindingen (sterk) ................................................................................... 32
1.2.2 Secundaire fysische bindingen (zwak) ................................................................................. 33
1.3 Classificatie van Polymeren .................................................................................. 33
1.3.1 Herkomst: natuurlijk versus synthetisch ............................................................................. 33
1.3.2 Synthese (vormingsreactie) = “polymerisatie” ................................................................... 33
1.3.3 Moleculaire structuur ....................................................................................................... 34
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, 1.3.4 Mechanisch gedrag ........................................................................................................... 34
1.4 Koolwaterstoffen als basis voor kunststoffen......................................................... 34
1.4.1 Alkanen ............................................................................................................................. 35
1.4.2 Question ............................................................................................................................ 35
1.4.3 Isomeren ........................................................................................................................... 35
1.4.4 Meervoudige bindingen....................................................................................................... 36
1.4.5 Ketenvormig versus ringvormig............................................................................................ 36
1.5 Polymerisatie ....................................................................................................... 36
1.5.1 Synthese van polyethyleen (of polyetheen) PE via additie ..................................................... 37
1.5.2 Additie van eenvoudige polymeren (thermoplasten) ............................................................. 38
1.5.3 Synthese van polyurethaan (PU) via poly-additie .................................................................. 38
1.5.4 Even tussendoor: isolatiemateriaal ..................................................................................... 39
1.5.5 Structuur synthetische macromolecules ............................................................................. 39
1.5.6 Co-polymeren .................................................................................................................... 40
1.6 Kristalliniteit ......................................................................................................... 42
1.7 Kunststoffen versus metalen ................................................................................. 43
1.8 Toepassingen ....................................................................................................... 45
2. eigenschappen en vormgeving van kunststoffen ............................................. 45
2.1 Spanning-rek curve ............................................................................................... 45
invloed van ketenlengte op sterkte (thermoplast) ........................................................ 46
invloed van temperatuur............................................................................................. 47
2.3.1 Glastransitietemperatuur Tg ................................................................................................ 47
2.3.2 Smelttemperatuur Tm .......................................................................................................... 47
2.3.3 Waarom hebben thermoplasten een range van smelttemperaturen? .................................... 47
2.3.4 Invloed van afkoelen ........................................................................................................... 48
2.4 Invloed van kristalliniteit ....................................................................................... 48
2.4.1 Kan je deze figuur interpreteren? ......................................................................................... 49
2.5 Diffusie in kunststoffen ......................................................................................... 49
2.5.1 Gas-/vloeistofdiffusie in kunststoffen .................................................................................. 49
2.5.2 Environmental stress cracking ESC ..................................................................................... 49
2.5.3 Gas-/vloeistofdichtheid van enkele polymeren .................................................................... 50
2.6 Mechanisch verstrekken van thermoplasten .......................................................... 50
2.6.1 Mechanisch verstrekken van semi-kristallijne polymeren ..................................................... 50
2.6.2 Crazing fenomeen .............................................................................................................. 51
2.7 Visco-elastisch gedrag .......................................................................................... 52
2.7.1 Visco-elastisch gedrag van polymeren ................................................................................ 52
2.8 Vermoeiing van kunststoffen ................................................................................. 54
2.9 Grootteordes van kunststoffen .............................................................................. 54
2.10 Verwerking/vormgeving van kunststoffen ............................................................. 54
2.10.1 Spuitgieten (thermoplasten).............................................................................................. 54
2.10.2 Extrusie (thermoplasten)................................................................................................... 55
3
, 2.10.3 Filmblazen (bv. kunststof zakken; thermoplast) ................................................................. 55
2.10.4 Vacuum/blaasvormen (thermoplast) ................................................................................. 55
2.10.5 Rotovormen of rotatiegieten (thermoplast) ........................................................................ 56
2.10.6 Warmpersen (thermoharders) ........................................................................................... 56
2.10.7 3D printing ....................................................................................................................... 56
3. End-of-life...................................................................................................... 56
3.1 Intro ..................................................................................................................... 56
3.1.1 De kunststoffen in Europa (EU27 + 3, 2020) ......................................................................... 56
3.1.2 Single-use kunststoffen ...................................................................................................... 57
3.2 Het verhaal van 3 plastieken flessen ...................................................................... 57
3.2.1 Fles 1: omgevingsdegradatie van kunststoffen ..................................................................... 57
3.2.2 Fles 2: plastiek soep ........................................................................................................... 60
3.2.3 Fles 3: Sorteren en recycleren ............................................................................................. 60
1. Composieten ................................................................................................. 64
1.1 Wat en waarom? ................................................................................................... 64
1.2 Materiaalgebruik door de eeuwen heen.................................................................. 64
1.3 Enkele “natuurlijke” composieten ......................................................................... 64
1.4 “Technische" composieten ................................................................................... 64
1.5 Mogelijke classificaties van composieten .............................................................. 65
2. Vezelversterkte kunststoffen .......................................................................... 65
2.1 Samenstellende componenten.............................................................................. 65
2.2 Waarom vezelversterkte kunststoffen gebruiken? .................................................. 65
2.3 Laminaten & vezelpatronen ................................................................................... 66
2.4 Constructies en componenten van vezelversterkte kunststoffen… ......................... 66
3. Vezelmaterialen ............................................................................................ 66
3.1 Materialen voor vezels en matrices ........................................................................ 66
3.2 Specifieke eigenschappen van versterkingsvezels ................................................. 66
3.3 Specifieke sterkte van enkele constructiematerialen ............................................. 67
3.4 Glasvezels ............................................................................................................ 67
3.5 Koolstofvezels ...................................................................................................... 67
3.6 Organische vezels ................................................................................................. 68
4. Matrixmaterialen ........................................................................................... 68
4.1 Thermoplasten versus thermoharders ................................................................... 68
4.1.1 Thermoplasten ................................................................................................................... 69
4.1.2 Thermoharders................................................................................................................... 69
5. Vezelpatronen ............................................................................................... 70
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