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Biol 240 Exam || A+ GRADED SOLUTIONS.

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What did Rober Hooke contribute correct answers -First description of microbes (fungi/mold fruiting bodies) What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do? correct answers Improved microscope lens Basics for Life? correct answers -metabolism -growth -reproduction How do heterotrophs obtain energy? c...

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Biol 240 Exam || A+ GRADED SOLUTIONS.
What did Rober Hooke contribute correct answers -First description of microbes (fungi/mold
fruiting bodies)

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do? correct answers Improved microscope lens

Basics for Life? correct answers -metabolism
-growth
-reproduction

How do heterotrophs obtain energy? correct answers Ingest organic molecules

How do autotrophs obtain energy? correct answers Produce organic molecules

What are 2 main ways organic molecules are broken down by microbes? correct answers -
fermentation
-aerobic respiration

What are the four macronutrients in microbes? correct answers -polypeptides (proteins)
-nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)
-lipids
-polysaccharides (sugar)

What is the most abundant macronutrient in microbes? correct answers Polypeptides
(Protein)

What is the least abundant macronutrient in microbes? correct answers DNA

What are the 3 major groups on phylogenetic tree? correct answers Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria

What were some conditions of the earth during the origin of life? correct answers -Little
oxygen
-High temperature
-High CO2
-Earth surface was a chemical soup- reducing atmosphere and lots of electrons

Who conducted the experiment that simulated the origin of life? correct answers Stanley
Miller and Harold Urey

In general, how did Stanley Miller and Harold Urey simulate the origin of life in 1950?
correct answers -They simulated the earths primitive ocean and clouds
-They had a primitive atmosphere made from methane, hydrogen ammonia and water vapor
-They sparked the atmosphere with electricity simulating lightning

What were the 3 requirements of early life talking about? correct answers -Ability to store
genetic information
-Able to catalyze biochemical reactions

,-Has a way to separate cell interior from external environment

What are micelles? correct answers Early forms of plasma

Who discovered Archaea was not bacteria and a third domain of life by RNA analysis?
correct answers Carl Woese

Is RNA or DNA more stable? correct answers Double stranded DNA is more stable than
RNA

Name some features of early life (early microbes) given in the lecture correct answers -
membrane bound
-use ATP as chemical energy
-Anaerobe
-Fixes N2
-H2 dependent

How did the earths oxygen levels increase? correct answers Cyanobacteria produce oxygen as
a by-product, eventually raising the earth's oxygen levels

What is the name of the organisms that are fossilized and in the microbial fossil records
correct answers Stromatolites

What is modern RNA correct answers DNA transcribed into RNA (mRNA- messenger RNA)
-mRNA will be translated into proteins

Origin of eukaryotes- explain endosymbiotic theory correct answers Primitive prokaryotic
microbes ingested others, creating a symbiotic relationship
-eg. mitochondria and chloroplasts

Who developed the vaccines for anthrax, fowl and rabies, introduced sanitization in hospitals
and explained alcoholic fermentation? correct answers Louis Pasteur

Who developed pasteurization and what is it? correct answers - Louis Pasteur
- a process where certain foods/drinks are heat treated to kill pathogenic microbes
(but, DOES NOT MEAN STERILE)

Who disproved spontaneous generation and how? correct answers Louis Pasteur used
swannecked flasks that had sterilized broth. Microbes from outside are trapped in the neck of
the flask and do not go into sterile broth. When he tilted the flask (broth went up the neck), it
was no longer sterile.

Who determined Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax and Mycobacterium causes tuberculosis?
correct answers Rober Koch

What are Koch's postulates for? correct answers establishing if a pathogen is the cause of an
infectious disease

What are Koch's postulates? (4) correct answers -microbe is identified in every person with
disease, but not in those without disease

,-pure culture of microbe is obtained

-inoculation of microbe in healthy test host causes same illness

-microbe is recovered from infected host organism

What set of rules was used when determining that Helicobacter pylori was the pathogenic
bacteria that causes stomach ulcers? correct answers Koch's postulates

How was the bubonic plague in the 1300's spread? correct answers The disease started in rats.
Fleas then bit the rats and picked the disease up. So the rats infect fleas and fleas infect the
rats. Then when the fleas would bite humans, it spread. The infection would be spread by
human-human through contact or air.

Name some diseases that have greatly impacted human populations correct answers -bubonic
plague
-spanish flu (pandemic)
-smallpox
-measles
-tuberculosis
etc, etc, etc

Why have we seen a dramatic drop in deaths due to infectious diseases in the twentieth
century? correct answers -Sanitization
-Vaccines
-Medical treatment (antibiotics)
-Public precautions (masks, distancing)

What are the shapes of bacteria? correct answers -spherical (cocci, coccus)
-rod-shaped (bacilli, bacillus)
-comma- shaped (vibrio, vibrios)
-spiral (spirilla, spirillum)
-pleiomorphic (varied shape)

What shape are bacteria that are lacking genes correct answers spherical (they cannot
elongate)

What are the main forces that influence bacterial morphology (shapes) correct answers -
Nutrient uptake efficiency
-Swimming (spiral shape)
-Gliding motility

What are the three ways bacteria can form multicellular organizations? correct answers -
Hyphae
-Mycelia
-Trichomes

Name 2 examples of bacteria given in the lecture that are much larger than normal average
bacteria correct answers -Thiomargarita namibiensis

, -Epulopiscium fishelsoni

What are advantages of being a small bacteria? correct answers -greater ratio nutrient/waste
exchange per unit
-higher metabolic rates
-faster growth, faster evolution

Where are "very small" bacteria commonly found? correct answers Marine environments

What is the largest area in bacterial cytoplasm? correct answers Nucleoid region

What is the function of gas ventricles in bacterial cytoplasm correct answers Buoyancy

What houses DNA, RNA and protein in bacterial cytoplasm? correct answers DNA nucleoid

What is the function of inclusion bodies in bacteria? correct answers Storage of carbon,
phosphate, nitrogen and sulfur

What is the function of magnetosomes in bacterial cytoplasm? correct answers Orienting cell
during movement

What are the three function of cytoskeletal structures in bacterial cytoplasm? correct answers
-Guiding cell wall synthesis
-Cell division
-Possibly partitioning of chromosomes during replication

What are mechanisms bacteria use to reduce space when compressing DNA in their
nucleoid? correct answers -use cations to shield negative charges on sugar-phos. backbone

-have small positively charged proteins that bind to chromosome to maintain condensed
structure

-topoisomerases modify structure of DNA, enabling supercoiling

T or F

The nucleoid in bacteria has a membrane surrounding it correct answers F- it does not have a
membrane

T or F

Bacteria use histone proteins to condense DNA like eukaryotes correct answers F- they do
not

what are sulfur globules (inclusion bodies) used for in bacteria? correct answers -sulfur
storage for energy

what are polyhydroxybutyrate granules (inclusion bodies) used for in bacteria? correct
answers carbon storage

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