NUR 521 IMMUNITY ALL ANSWERS CORRECT
first line: innate/physical, mechanical
second line: inflammation
third: adaptive (acquired) specific
what's the difference between the first, second & third immunity?
increased capillary permeability
what causes the edema that occurs during the infl...
first line: innate/physical, mechanical
second line: inflammation
third: adaptive (acquired) specific
what's the difference between the first, second & third immunity?
increased capillary permeability
what causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
physical immunity
physically bars pathogens from entering the body
-skin sloughing off with dead cells, GI, GU and respiratory lining, mucus and cilia trap microorganisms
-expelled through coughing, sneezing, urination, vomit & defecation
-saliva, tears, earwax, sweat, mucus (lysozomes attack bacteria & antimicrobial peptides kill bacteria,
fungi & viruses)
normal microbiome
each surface colonized by bacteria and fungi that is unique to the particular location and individual
-produce digestive enzymes
-synthesize antibacterial substances
-competes with pathogens for nutrients
-foster adaptive immunity
-helps with communication between brain and GI tract
antimicrobial peptides
destroy pathogens cell walls; activate innate and active immunity
-created by monocytes, macophages and neutrophils
ex. cathelicidins, defensins and collections
-occurs in vascularized tissue
-activation is rapid
-response includes cells and chemical components
-not specific; no memory
what are four characteristics of the inflammatory response?
vascular inflammatory response
-hemostasis (coagulation)
-vasodilation
,-increased vascular permeability and leakage
-WBC adherence to inner walls of blood vessels and migration through vessels
red, heat, swelling, pain, function loss
what are five local manifestations of vascular inflammatory response?
complement system, clotting & kinin
what are the three plasma protein systems?
complement system
produces biologically active fragments that recruit phagocytes, activate mast cells, and destroy
pathogens directly
-activation fo C3 & C5 --> opsonin, chemotactic factors, anaphylatoxins
-pathways: classic, lecithin, & alternatives
clotting (coagulation) system
forms a fibrous meshwork of fibrin strands and platelets at an injured or inflamed site
-prevent infection spread
-localized microorganisms and foreign bodies
-forms clots to stop bleeding
-provides framework for repair and healing
-pathways: tissue (extrinsic) and contact activation (intrinsic)
kinin system
controls interaction of other plasma protein systems interacting with clotting system
-primary kinin: bradykinin --> causes blood vessel dilation and smooth muscle contraction increasing
vascular permeability (uses prostaglandins to stimulate nerve endings)
-edema and pain
respond to molecules at site of damage and activate cell surface receptors to begin intracellular
signaling pathway
-confine extent of damage
-kill microorganism
-remove cell debris
-activate healing
what are the four functions of cell components in inflammation?
thick, clotted exudate: indicates more advanced inflammation
purulent (suppurative) exudate
pus; indicates a bacterial infection
hemorrhagic exudate
exudate contains blood: indicates bleeding
fever (exo/endogenous IL-1 pyrogens)
leukocytosis (<11,000)
increased plasma protein synthesis
what are three systemic manifestations of inflammation?
ESR: delay in rising but stays longer
C-reactive protein: acute phase reaction, occurs first and last 3-7 days
what the difference between C-reactive protein and ESR?
neutrophils
when considering WBC differentials, acute inflammatory reactions of are related to elevation of which
leukocyte?
cytokines
protein responsible for activating other cells and regulating inflammatory response
-chemokines, interleukins
chronic inflammation
inflammation that lasts more than 2 weeks
-related to unsuccessful acute inflammatory response
-high lipid and wax content of a microorganism (ex. TB)
-ability to survive inside the macrophage (ex. syphilis, leprosy)
-toxins
-chemicals, particulate matter or physical irritants
what are four causes for chronic inflammation?
chronic inflammation characteristics
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