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2024 N465C EXAM 1 REVIEW SET EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 N465C EXAM 1 REVIEW SET EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 N465C EXAM 1 REVIEW SETEXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
What causes the P-wave? - CORRECT-ANSWERSAtrial depolarization, which is
initiated by the SA node
How long should the PR interval be? - CORRECT-ANSWERSBetween 0.12 and
0.20 secs
What causes the QRS complex? - CORRECT-ANSWERSVentricular
depolarization (and atrial repolarization)
How long should the QRS complex be? - CORRECT-ANSWERS< 0.12 secs
What does the ST segment represent? - CORRECT-ANSWERSEarly
repolarization by the ventricles
What conditions may cause an increase in left-heart preload/PAWP? -
CORRECT-ANSWERSThink: What would cause more blood to be left in the left
ventricle?
- left-sided heart failure
- volume overload
- mitral stenosis
What is one concern that the nurse would have when caring for a patient
with a decreased preload? - CORRECT-ANSWERSThe patient may experience
a decreased CO and CI
What is afterload? - CORRECT-ANSWERSThe pressure against which the left
and right ventricles has to pump in order to eject blood
- Afterload for the right ventricle is referred to as the PVR (pulmonary
vascular resistance)
- Normal range: 100-250 dynes
- Afterload for the left ventricle is referred to as the SVR (systemic vascular
resistance)
- Normal range: 900-1400 dynes
, What may cause an elevation in PVR? - CORRECT-ANSWERSThink: What
would increase the pressure that the right ventricle has to face in order to
pump blood to the lungs and upper half of body?
- pulmonary HTN
- hypoxia
- pulmonary embolism
- pulmonary stenosis
What may cause an elevation in SVR? - CORRECT-ANSWERSThink: What
would increase the pressure that the left ventricle has to face in order to
pump blood to the rest of the body?
- HTN
- vasopressor use
- aortic stenosis
- hypothermia
What may cause a decrease in SVR and PVR? - CORRECT-ANSWERSThese
factors are the same for both the left and right side
- septic, anaphylactic, or neurogenic shock
- use of vasodilators
- side effects of some medications (i.e., narcotics)
What is mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2)? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- It
measures the amount/concentration of O2 in the blood that has been
returned to the heart after circulating throughout the body for one cycle
- Normal range: 60-75%
What may cause a decrease in SvO2? - CORRECT-ANSWERSThink: What
would cause there to be a decrease in the amount of oxygen found in the
blood that is returning to the heart after circulating through the body?
- low cardiac output/index (CO/CI)
- low Hgb and Hct (which means low SaO2 as well)
- high O2 demand from the body due to: surgical pain, stress, trauma, fever,
shivering
What may cause an increase in SvO2? - CORRECT-ANSWERSThink: What
would cause there to be an increase in the amount of oxygen found in the
blood that is returning to the heart after circulating through the body?
- heavy sedation
- hypothermia
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