PRITE - Assorted Pertinent Topics Questions and Answers | Latest Version | 2024/2025 | Graded A+
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PRITE - Assorted Pertinent Topics
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PRITE - Assorted Pertinent Topics
PRITE - Assorted Pertinent Topics
Questions and Answers | Latest Version
| 2024/2025 | Graded A+
Biostatistics
What is the primary purpose of biostatistics in health research?
The primary purpose of biostatistics is to apply statistical methods to analyze and interpret
data related to...
PRITE - Assorted Pertinent Topics
Questions and Answers | Latest Version
| 2024/2025 | Graded A+
Biostatistics ✔✔
What is the primary purpose of biostatistics in health research?
✔✔ The primary purpose of biostatistics is to apply statistical methods to analyze and interpret
data related to health and disease, thereby informing public health decisions and clinical
practices.
Define the term "population" in the context of biostatistics.
✔✔ In biostatistics, a population refers to the entire group of individuals or observations that
share a common characteristic or are of interest for a particular study.
What is the difference between a sample and a population?
✔✔ A sample is a subset of a population selected for analysis, while a population encompasses
all individuals or items that meet certain criteria.
Explain what a p-value represents in statistical hypothesis testing.
1
,✔✔ A p-value represents the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as those
observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true. A smaller p-value indicates
stronger evidence against the null hypothesis.
What does it mean if a study has a statistically significant result?
✔✔ A statistically significant result means that the findings are unlikely to have occurred by
chance alone, typically indicated by a p-value less than the predetermined significance level,
often set at 0.05.
Describe what a confidence interval is and its significance.
✔✔ A confidence interval is a range of values derived from a sample that is likely to contain the
true population parameter. It provides an estimate of uncertainty around the sample estimate and
indicates the degree of reliability.
What is the purpose of using randomization in clinical trials?
✔✔ The purpose of randomization in clinical trials is to minimize bias by equally distributing
confounding variables across treatment groups, thus enhancing the validity of the results.
Define the term "bias" in the context of biostatistical research.
2
,✔✔ Bias refers to systematic errors that lead to incorrect conclusions about the association
between exposures and outcomes, potentially skewing the results of a study.
What is the difference between Type I and Type II errors in hypothesis testing?
✔✔ Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected, indicating a false
positive. Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false, indicating
a false negative.
Explain the concept of statistical power in research studies.
✔✔ Statistical power is the probability that a test will correctly reject a false null hypothesis,
which is influenced by the sample size, effect size, and significance level.
What is a cohort study, and how does it differ from a case-control study?
✔✔ A cohort study follows a group of individuals over time to observe outcomes based on
exposure status, while a case-control study compares individuals with a specific outcome (cases)
to those without it (controls) to identify potential exposures.
Describe what survival analysis is and its primary application.
3
, ✔✔ Survival analysis is a statistical method used to analyze time-to-event data, commonly
applied in clinical research to estimate the time until an event such as death or disease recurrence
occurs.
What role do confounding variables play in statistical analysis?
✔✔ Confounding variables are extraneous factors that are related to both the exposure and the
outcome, potentially distorting the true association between them and leading to erroneous
conclusions.
What is the significance of using stratification in data analysis?
✔✔ Stratification is significant because it allows researchers to examine the effects of an
exposure within subgroups of the population, helping to control for confounding and providing
more precise estimates of associations.
Explain the term "effect size" and its importance in research findings.
✔✔ Effect size quantifies the magnitude of a difference or relationship in a study, providing
context beyond statistical significance and helping to understand the practical relevance of the
findings.
What does the term "attrition" refer to in longitudinal studies?
4
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