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Exam (elaborations)

NURS 218 - EXAM 5 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

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NURS 218 - EXAM 5 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS...

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  • October 10, 2024
  • 19
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • NURS 218
  • NURS 218
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Easton
NURS 218 - EXAM 5 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS

Self regulation of blood pressure

overlapping network of neural, hormonal and vascular mechanisms

Neural regulation

is through sympathetic nervous system where baroreceptors detect changes in
pressure or stretch and chemoreceptors that detect changes in oxygen

hormonal regulation

RAAS system

vascular regulatio

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Normal

S- < 120, D- < 80

Prehypertension

S: 120-129, D: < 80

Stage I hypertension

S: 130-139, D: 80-89

Stage II hypertension

S: 140 or higher, D: 90 or higher



Hypertension

persistently high blood pressure that can lead to vascular damage



genetic variations, obesity, high alcohol intake, high salt intake in salt-sensitive people

secondary etiology: drugs renal or CNS disorders

,Hypertension etiology



heart enlarges (hypertrophy) leading to heart failure

Hypertension pathophysiology



no symptoms for years

eventually problems arise in angina pectoris, MI, heart failure, stroke, renal disease

Hypertension clinical manifestations




limit sodium, reduce body weight, increase exercise, reduce alcohol intake, no smoking

treatment of hypertension



block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Captopril (Capoten) mechanism of action



hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, improves post-MI survival

Captopril (Capoten) indications

cough, angioedema, swelling of the jaw, eyes or lips, first-dose hypotension

Captopril (Capoten) side effects

block the actions of angiotension II

Losartan (Cozaar) mechanism of action

hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, MI

Losartan (Cozaar) indications




generally well tolerated, rare angioedema, fetal harm in 2nd or 3rd trimester

, Losartan (Cozaar) side effects



prevent calcium ions from entering cells resulting in relaxation and vasodilation

Amlodipine (Norvasc) mechanism of action



hypertension, angina pectoris, and cardac dysrhythmias

Amlodipine (Norvasc) indications



generally well tolerated, headache, drowsiness

Amlodipine (Norvasc) side effects



-may require several office visits to find the right medication or combination of
medications that are effective

-usually long-term therapy

-monitor blood pressure

-orthostatic hypotension may occur; avoid falls

patient teaching guidelines for antihypertensive drugs



Dysrhythmia

abnormality in the rhythm of the heartbeat



originates in any part of the conduction system or in the heart muscle, ectopic
(abnormal location of electrical impulse), indicate cardiac irritability

Dysrhythmia etiology



may interfere with cardiac funtion and later the heart's ability to pump sufficient blood
supply to body tissues

Tachydysrhythmias: heart rates greater than 100 bpm

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