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Prite 2024/25 Part 2 Questions and answers | Latest
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Prite 2024/25 Part 2 Questions andanswers | Latest
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a lesion to the left anterior lateral temporal lobe would result in the inability to __________
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identify objects ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
What disorder was significantly more prevalent in mothers of patients with anorexia
OCD ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Which of the following neurotransmitters is stored in large dense-core vesicles
histamine
somatostatin
norepinephrine
epinephrine
gaba ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
GABA, glutamate, glycine, ach, serotonin, dopamine, Norepi and epi and histamine are all
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considered small molecule transmitters indicating that they are stored in small, clear,
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membrane bound grandules called synaptic vesicles and mediate fast synaptic
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transmission ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Somatostatin, hypothalamic releasing hormones, endorphins, enkephalins, and opioids
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comprise the neuropeptide family of transmitters, sotred in large,dense core cesciles,
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modulate neuroal communication by acting on cell surface receptors and are not recycled
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into the cell after secretions
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small molecule transmitters and neuropeptides are often released from the same neuron
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and can act on the same target ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Drugs that fluoxtetine increases the drug levels of
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TCAs (increased risk of cardiac AE), thioridazine (increased cardiac AE), benzos
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(increased sedation), carbamazepine, phenytoin
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Which contemporary of Freud worked closely with him in developing the theory of hysteria
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Josef Breuer
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famous for his work w the young hysteric Anno O and coauthored a book w freud entiteld
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studies on hysteria ll ll ll ll
Who coined the term schizophrenia
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What was his main contribution ll
Eugen Bleuler
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the 4 As : looseness of associations, affective flattening, autism, and ambivalence
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What was Kurt Schneider's contribution to psychiatry
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known for his "first rank" symptoms of schizophrenia, including thought insertion and
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withdrawal, thought broadcasting, 2 voices having a dialogue, delusions of passivity
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What is kava kava? ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Used to treat depression and anxiety, also used as a sleep aid.
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Dont use with alcohol, used with alprazolam may cause coma.
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Levadop can increase parkinson like symptoms.
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Made from the root of the kava (piper methysticum) plant
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used for its sedative and anesthetic qualities and commonly ingested as beverage.
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Several commercial brands available. Like benzos and alcohol, acts on GABA receptors.
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Long term use linked to liver toxicity, SHOULD NOT BE TAKEN WITH ETOH, BENZOS,
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BARBS DUE TO CNS DEPRESSION ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Avoid taking St John's wort with which psych drugs in particular
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causes marked cyp induction and lowers the level of many common drugs including
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warfarin and digoxin
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has serotonin reuptake inhibitor effects and use should be avoided in patients taking
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serotonin raising medicaitons like MAOIs and SSRIs bc of the risk of serotonin syndrome
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Role of spirituality in AA
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one must accept a "higher power" since hte program recovery involves a spiritual
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experience and awakening ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Clonidine is FDA approved to treat _____ and ________ but it is also used to treat (x4)
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side effects ll ll ll
ADHD (ages 6-17), hypertension
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insomnia, opioid withdrawal, tic disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder
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hypotension, irritability, dysphoria, and parasomnias
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used to trigger absence seizures in clinic ll ll ll ll ll
sustained rapid respiration and flashing lights
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What is unique about galantamine in terms of its MOA compared with other cognitive
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enhancing medications ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Galantamine has a unique, dual mode of action. It is a reversible, competitive inhibitor of
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acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and is the only drug actively marketed for the treatment of
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AD with proven activity as an allosteric modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
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(nAChRs). ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
"unique in its ability to allosterically modulate nicotinic receptors"
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What is tacrine? ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Tacrine is a centrally acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and indirect cholinergic agonist
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(parasympathomimetic). It was the first centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitor approved
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for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and was marketed under the trade name
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Cognex.
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memantine - mechanism of action?
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- used for?
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NMDA receptor antagonist
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- Alzheimer's
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The principal mechanism of action of memantine is believed to be the blockade of current
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flow through channels of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors--a glutamate receptor
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subfamily broadly involved in brain function
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nicotinic receptors ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
On all ANS postganglionic neurons, in the adrenal medulla, and at neuromuscular
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junctions of skeletal muscle ll ll ll ll
Excitatory when ACh binding occurs
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What deficits can you see with clock drawing
Design Copy:" Copy this design" • Frontal: attention, planning. Motor coordination
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• Right parietal: construct, gestalt. Damage leads to hemineglect
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Difference between rationalization and intellectualization ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Intellectualization: use intellect to avoid an emotional/affective experience (get cancer,
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spend all your time on internet learning about it to avoid emotionally experiencing having
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cancer)
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Rationalization: using rational explanations to justify an unacceptable behavior or belief
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("I'm allowed to take stacks of napkins home from McDonald's because they'll just throw
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them away anyway") ll ll ll ll
What is isolation of affect?
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a defense mechanism in which you "think the feeling" instead of feeling it.
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ex. "i guess i'm angry at him" vs. expressed and experienced anger
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Isolation: separate an idea from an affect ("isolation of affect" PRITE question has a patient
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who blankly tells therapist that, as a child, his dad kicked a puppy to death. No affect in
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telling story ll ll ll ll
repression vs suppression (defense mechanisms) ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
-repression is unconscious, not aware of it happening. exclusion of unwanted experience
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or emotions ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
-suppression is conscious removal of awareness, this is like procrastinating or pushing
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things down
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Repression: put an undesirable thought/feeling into the unconscious to avoid dealing with
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it. This is different from suppression, which consciously avoids the thought. (Repression: ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
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unconsciously forgetting a rape at the age of 5. Suppression: choosing not to think about
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the rape that happened at age 5). Repression is similar to thought blocking, except no
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tension is observed with repression
• Suppression: consciously postponing discomfort (one child in car accident, rather than
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first rushing to ER, suppresses fear and calls the other kids at home to make sure they are
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safe and cared for, then goes to ER)
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With loss of sleep, with happens with glucose tolerance ll ll
decreased glucose tolerance
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other things that happen:
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- increased cortisol levels
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- decreased brain metabolic rate
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- decreased host defense system
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- increased sympathetic activation ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Which of the following is the best tool to localize genes of single or major effect within a
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family of related individuals?
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a. linkage analysis
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b. association mapping
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c. candidate gene studies
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d. genome wide associated studies
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e. comparative genomic hybridization ll ll
Linkage analysis ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Linkage Analysis: studies where in the genome (i.e., in which chromosomal region) a
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disease mutation or susceptibility locus may reside. The likelihood that two loci on a
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chromosome will co-segregate is inversely proportional to the distance between them
(genes physically close to each other shouldn’t spereate during random crossover in
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meiosis). Measured using Logarithm of the odds (LOD) with score of 3 (1,000:1 odds) as
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the threshold for declaring linkage ll ll ll ll ll
What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)?
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs): Disorders may arise not from one single
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problematic gene, but the cumulative effect of many small one-letter variations, or SNPs.
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Identified with genome-wide studies. Low predictive value thus far.
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genome-wide association studies ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
track SNP patterns among individuals who share a particular trait or disorder ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll
Genome-Wide Association Studies: looks for common SNPs and variants to identify genes
influencing complex disorders in an “unbiased” way because they look at the whole
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genome and don’t need prespecified hypothesis about which genes are important. High
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risk of false-positives. Has iidentified genetic loci associated with autism, bipolar disorder,
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and schizophrenia
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