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NUR 315 Immune – Questions & Precise Solutions
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NUR 315 Immune – Questions & Precise Solutions
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NUR 315 Immune – Questions & Precise SolutionsRole of immune system Right Ans - i. Protection/Confers resistance to
specific agents
ii. Healing
iii. Walling off of invading organisms/Preserves the internal environment
iv. Internal Surveillance/apoptosis
Types of immunity Right Ans - active and passive
Active Acquired Right Ans - Immunization or active infection
Passive acquired immunity Right Ans - i. In utero
ii. Breast milk - at least 6 mo
iii. Gammaglobulin - can give someone that gives them temporary protection
Granulocytes (when stained they have grained appearance) Right Ans - i.
Polymorphonuclear cells/polys/PMNs
1. 60-70% of total
2. Granular (granulocytes) and multi-shaped therefore "polys"
3. Found in bone marrow therefore myelogenous
4. Rapid protection (neutrophils)
Neutrophils Right Ans - a. Most important & most numerous (60%)
b. First cells to site of damage
c. Scavengers
d. 60% of granulocytes
e. Approximately 100 billion/day
f. Microphage-can only take part in one phagocytic activity because cannot
generate energy therefore live only 14-18 hours
Cell deathrelease approximately 50 toxins/proteolytic enzymes to digest
bacteria, dead cells and itself
(Segs) Segmented Neutrophils Right Ans - i. Segmented neutrophils/segs
1. Mature
2. Phagocytic
3. Shift to the right when mature segs increase in number in blood
bands Right Ans - 1. Immature neutrophils - shift to the left
,2. Numbers increase in blood with bacterial infections when see "shift to the
left"/ bandemia - need an antibiotic
Basophils Right Ans - a. 0.2 to 0.5% of granulocytes
b. Smallest and most rare
c. No phagocytic properties but numbers do increase in healing
d. Administration of steroidsdecrease basophils
e. Similar to mast cells (attached) and contain vasoactive amines (especially
histamine)effect smooth muscle and vascular endothelium dilation
Eosinophils Right Ans - a. 2-4% of granulocytes
b. Present in large amounts in GI tract and lungs
c. Help control inflammation
d. Important in parasitic infections through ingestion of antigen-ATB
complexes (pathogen and ATB) but does not ingest cellular debris like
neutrophils do
e. Role in allergic reactions
2. Both basophils and eosinophils with receptors for immunoglobulin E that is
important in allergic reactions
Absolute numbers of/ types of granulocytes vs cells in a volume Right Ans -
1. Absolute numbers of segs and bands important as they remove the
"volume" piece - if volume lessens it looks like the pt has more cells
2. Absolute numbers more important than overall number of cells
B Lymphocytes/immunoglobulins (Ig)/antibodies: Humoral System/BAH
Right Ans - i. 10-30% in circulation
ii. Lifespan is days since able to generate energy
iii. Able to participate in more than one phagocytic action
iv. Have approximately 100,000 molecules on surfacecalled cluster of
differentiation that allows the B cell to identify foreign invaders
Humoral system acts as a bridge between the acquired/specific response (B
and T cells) and innate/nonspecific response and... Right Ans - 1. Requires
process of "sensitization" in order to produce antibodies, then a "memory cell"
is produced and stays in circulation
a. Memory cell multiplies rapidly whenever the body is exposed to that
antigen againimmunity to that pathogen
, b. Basis to vaccination/immunizations
2. One end of ATB binds with Antigen/Ag (Fab end)
3. Other end of ATB informs innate/nonspecific system there is an invader in
bodybridge mechanism between the invader and the immune system
Immunoglobulin A/IgA Right Ans - a. Secretory immunoglobulin
b. Halts invasion before the disease progresses
c. Localized in external secretions such as tears, saliva, colostrum, bronchial
and intestinal secretions)
d. Deficiencyrisk for autoimmune diseases and allergies
Immunoglobulin E/IgE Right Ans - a. O.002%
b. Allergic reactions and anaphylaxis
c. Closely associated with mast cells GI and resp tracts) and basophils (in
circulation) to enact an allergic response
d. High numbers in allergic individuals
Immunoglobulin M/IgM Right Ans - a. Large size
b. Half -life of 5 days
c. Matures into IgG but has action itself
i. Activates complement that amplifies the immune response
ii. Patients with autoimmune diseases often have high levels of IgM
(rheumatoid factor used for diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis is IgM and IgG
complex)
iii. First antibody produced after sensitization
iv. Does not cross placental barrier therefore not seen in newborn/NB
Immunoglobulin G/IgG Right Ans - a. 80%
b. Primary class of antibodies
c. Coats pathogen (called opsonization) and allows macrophages to attack
invader
d. Crosses placental barrierpassive immunity to NB
e. Supplied through breast milk to infant
f. gammaglobulin
T lymphocytes (T-System)/Cellular/TLC Right Ans - i. Sensitization process
but exact mechanism unknown
ii. Responsible for self-tolerance (body knows its own cells)
1. This mechanism is not working when a patient has an autoimmune disease
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