CDS 4010 Test 1 Study Guide, CDS 4010
Exam 1
Diffusion - correct answer ✔✔The movement of dissolved particles (solute) from a more concentrated to
a dilute solution
osmosis - correct answer ✔✔The movement of water molecules from a more dilute solution to a
concentrated solution
Active transport - correct answer ✔✔The transfer of a substance across the cell membrane from a region
of low concentration to one of higher concentration
What does active transport require? - correct answer ✔✔The process requires the cell to expend energy
because the substance must move against a concentration gradient
Many metabolic processes depend on active transport of... - correct answer ✔✔ions and molecules
Passive transport - correct answer ✔✔movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances
across cell membranes without need of energy input
difference between necrosis and apoptosis - correct answer ✔✔Necrosis- localized death of cells or
tissues in a living organism , Apoptosis- programmed death of single cells within a living organism
Nucleus - correct answer ✔✔Contains genetic information, directs metabolic function of cells, content of
nucleus: Nucleoli
cytoplasm - correct answer ✔✔Mass of protoplasm with its various cytoplasm organelles, surrounded by
a cell membrane
,Cytoplasmic organelles - correct answer ✔✔mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi
apparatus, lysosomes
Cytoskeleton - correct answer ✔✔Plasma membrane that separates it from the extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane - correct answer ✔✔Outer cell surface, Selectively permeable with electric charge,
Lipid bilayers with inserted glycoproteins, Hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
mitochondria - correct answer ✔✔Surrounded by double membrane, Have cristae, Generate energy:
ATP, Are full of oxidative enzymes (e.g. cytochrome oxidase)
Ribosomes - correct answer ✔✔Polysomes"- synthesis of proteins for internal purposes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) - correct answer ✔✔synthesis of proteins for export
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - correct answer ✔✔Has complex functions:
Catabolism- metabolic degradation of drugs, hormones, and nutrients
Synthesis of steroid hormones
Prominent in the liver, adrenal cells, and Leydig cells
lysosomes - correct answer ✔✔Membrane bound digestive organelles
types of lysosomes - correct answer ✔✔Primary lysosome, Secondary lysosomes: Heterophagosome and
autophagosomes, Give rise to residual bodies ("lipofuscin")
golgi apparatus - correct answer ✔✔gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules
that are more complex. It then takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores
them for later use or sends them out of the cell. It is also the organelle that builds lysosomes
Atrophy - correct answer ✔✔Decrease in size of a cell, tissue, organ, or the entire body, which can be:
Physiologic and predictable- e.g. atrophy of thymus after puberty, aging, Pathologic- caused by lack of
nutrition, chronic ischemia, denervation, inactivity
,Hyperplasia - correct answer ✔✔Increased number of cells in a tissue or organ, Endometrial hyperplasia
caused by the action of estrogen, Benign prostatic hyperplasia in elderly men
Hypertrophy - correct answer ✔✔Enlarged size of the cells, Hypertrophy of the heart in hypertension,
Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles in bodybuilders
Metaplaysia - correct answer ✔✔change from normal cells to a different cell type (such as chronic
irritation of cigarette smoke causing ciliated pseudostratified epithelium to be replaced by squamous
epithelium) It is reversible if the causative factors are removed.
Dysplasia - correct answer ✔✔an increasing degree of disordered growth or maturation of the tissue
(precedes to neoplasia) such as cervical dysplasia as a result of human papilloma (HPV) infection
coagulative - correct answer ✔✔Refers to light microscopic alterations in a dead cell. The appearance of
the necrotic cell has traditionally been termed coagulative necrosis due to its similarity to coagulation of
proteins that occurs upon heating
types of coagulative necrosis - correct answer ✔✔pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis
Pyknosis - correct answer ✔✔nucleus becomes smaller and stains deeply basophilic as chromatin
clumping continues
Karyorrhexis - correct answer ✔✔pyknotic nucleus breaks up into many smaller fragments scattered
(nuclear dust)
Karyolysis - correct answer ✔✔pyknotic nucleus may be extracted from the cell due to enzymatic
digestion
Gangrene arises from ischemic condition of the limb and the resulting necrosis. Two types dry gangrene
(no blood) and wet gangrene presence of blood, pus (bacterial infection)
liquefactive - correct answer ✔✔Rate of dissolution of the necrotic cells is faster than the rate of repair.
The cavity of abscess is formed by liquefactive necrosis.
, caseous - correct answer ✔✔characteristic of tuberculosis (TB). The lesions of TB are compact
aggregates of macrophages and other inflammatory cells known as granulomas. Debris from the dead
cells are grayish white and soft. It resembles clumpy cheese characteristics.
enzymatic - correct answer ✔✔Affects adipose tissue and most commonly results from pancreatitis or
trauma. Appears as an irregular, chalky white area embedded in otherwise normal adipose tissue.
Traumatic fat necrosis is common in the breast where it may be mistaken for cancer
Transudate - correct answer ✔✔edema fluid with a low protein content (specific gravity <1.0)
exudate - correct answer ✔✔edema fluid with a high protein concentration (specific gravity > 1.0), which
frequently contains inflammatory cells
types of exudates - correct answer ✔✔serous, fibrinous, purulent
serous exudate - correct answer ✔✔exudate has a yellow, straw-like color and is characterized by the
absence of a prominent cellular response
Fibrinous exudate - correct answer ✔✔exudate contains large amounts of fibrin as a result of activation
of the coagulation system
purulent exudate - correct answer ✔✔exudate contains cellular components. Associated with pathologic
conditions such as pyogenic bacterial infections in which the predominant cell type is the
polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)
different drugs that inhibit prostaglandins - correct answer ✔✔aspirin and ibuprofen and Motrin inhibit
cox 1 and cox 2 enzymes, cyclooxygenase produces prostaglandins but with inflammation more
prgolastatin is produced and causes more clinical symptoms like headache and ache. Ibuprofen will bind
more closely to cox 2 because it is more flexible
COX-1 inhibitors - correct answer ✔✔ex: ibuprofen substrate binding site, inhibitors can reduce
inflammation, but they may also decrease the natural protective mucus lining of the stomach. Therefore,
these medications can cause stomach upset, intestinal bleeding, and ulcers.
Exam 1
Diffusion - correct answer ✔✔The movement of dissolved particles (solute) from a more concentrated to
a dilute solution
osmosis - correct answer ✔✔The movement of water molecules from a more dilute solution to a
concentrated solution
Active transport - correct answer ✔✔The transfer of a substance across the cell membrane from a region
of low concentration to one of higher concentration
What does active transport require? - correct answer ✔✔The process requires the cell to expend energy
because the substance must move against a concentration gradient
Many metabolic processes depend on active transport of... - correct answer ✔✔ions and molecules
Passive transport - correct answer ✔✔movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances
across cell membranes without need of energy input
difference between necrosis and apoptosis - correct answer ✔✔Necrosis- localized death of cells or
tissues in a living organism , Apoptosis- programmed death of single cells within a living organism
Nucleus - correct answer ✔✔Contains genetic information, directs metabolic function of cells, content of
nucleus: Nucleoli
cytoplasm - correct answer ✔✔Mass of protoplasm with its various cytoplasm organelles, surrounded by
a cell membrane
,Cytoplasmic organelles - correct answer ✔✔mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi
apparatus, lysosomes
Cytoskeleton - correct answer ✔✔Plasma membrane that separates it from the extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane - correct answer ✔✔Outer cell surface, Selectively permeable with electric charge,
Lipid bilayers with inserted glycoproteins, Hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
mitochondria - correct answer ✔✔Surrounded by double membrane, Have cristae, Generate energy:
ATP, Are full of oxidative enzymes (e.g. cytochrome oxidase)
Ribosomes - correct answer ✔✔Polysomes"- synthesis of proteins for internal purposes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) - correct answer ✔✔synthesis of proteins for export
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - correct answer ✔✔Has complex functions:
Catabolism- metabolic degradation of drugs, hormones, and nutrients
Synthesis of steroid hormones
Prominent in the liver, adrenal cells, and Leydig cells
lysosomes - correct answer ✔✔Membrane bound digestive organelles
types of lysosomes - correct answer ✔✔Primary lysosome, Secondary lysosomes: Heterophagosome and
autophagosomes, Give rise to residual bodies ("lipofuscin")
golgi apparatus - correct answer ✔✔gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules
that are more complex. It then takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores
them for later use or sends them out of the cell. It is also the organelle that builds lysosomes
Atrophy - correct answer ✔✔Decrease in size of a cell, tissue, organ, or the entire body, which can be:
Physiologic and predictable- e.g. atrophy of thymus after puberty, aging, Pathologic- caused by lack of
nutrition, chronic ischemia, denervation, inactivity
,Hyperplasia - correct answer ✔✔Increased number of cells in a tissue or organ, Endometrial hyperplasia
caused by the action of estrogen, Benign prostatic hyperplasia in elderly men
Hypertrophy - correct answer ✔✔Enlarged size of the cells, Hypertrophy of the heart in hypertension,
Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles in bodybuilders
Metaplaysia - correct answer ✔✔change from normal cells to a different cell type (such as chronic
irritation of cigarette smoke causing ciliated pseudostratified epithelium to be replaced by squamous
epithelium) It is reversible if the causative factors are removed.
Dysplasia - correct answer ✔✔an increasing degree of disordered growth or maturation of the tissue
(precedes to neoplasia) such as cervical dysplasia as a result of human papilloma (HPV) infection
coagulative - correct answer ✔✔Refers to light microscopic alterations in a dead cell. The appearance of
the necrotic cell has traditionally been termed coagulative necrosis due to its similarity to coagulation of
proteins that occurs upon heating
types of coagulative necrosis - correct answer ✔✔pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis
Pyknosis - correct answer ✔✔nucleus becomes smaller and stains deeply basophilic as chromatin
clumping continues
Karyorrhexis - correct answer ✔✔pyknotic nucleus breaks up into many smaller fragments scattered
(nuclear dust)
Karyolysis - correct answer ✔✔pyknotic nucleus may be extracted from the cell due to enzymatic
digestion
Gangrene arises from ischemic condition of the limb and the resulting necrosis. Two types dry gangrene
(no blood) and wet gangrene presence of blood, pus (bacterial infection)
liquefactive - correct answer ✔✔Rate of dissolution of the necrotic cells is faster than the rate of repair.
The cavity of abscess is formed by liquefactive necrosis.
, caseous - correct answer ✔✔characteristic of tuberculosis (TB). The lesions of TB are compact
aggregates of macrophages and other inflammatory cells known as granulomas. Debris from the dead
cells are grayish white and soft. It resembles clumpy cheese characteristics.
enzymatic - correct answer ✔✔Affects adipose tissue and most commonly results from pancreatitis or
trauma. Appears as an irregular, chalky white area embedded in otherwise normal adipose tissue.
Traumatic fat necrosis is common in the breast where it may be mistaken for cancer
Transudate - correct answer ✔✔edema fluid with a low protein content (specific gravity <1.0)
exudate - correct answer ✔✔edema fluid with a high protein concentration (specific gravity > 1.0), which
frequently contains inflammatory cells
types of exudates - correct answer ✔✔serous, fibrinous, purulent
serous exudate - correct answer ✔✔exudate has a yellow, straw-like color and is characterized by the
absence of a prominent cellular response
Fibrinous exudate - correct answer ✔✔exudate contains large amounts of fibrin as a result of activation
of the coagulation system
purulent exudate - correct answer ✔✔exudate contains cellular components. Associated with pathologic
conditions such as pyogenic bacterial infections in which the predominant cell type is the
polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)
different drugs that inhibit prostaglandins - correct answer ✔✔aspirin and ibuprofen and Motrin inhibit
cox 1 and cox 2 enzymes, cyclooxygenase produces prostaglandins but with inflammation more
prgolastatin is produced and causes more clinical symptoms like headache and ache. Ibuprofen will bind
more closely to cox 2 because it is more flexible
COX-1 inhibitors - correct answer ✔✔ex: ibuprofen substrate binding site, inhibitors can reduce
inflammation, but they may also decrease the natural protective mucus lining of the stomach. Therefore,
these medications can cause stomach upset, intestinal bleeding, and ulcers.
