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Applied Science Unit 14 Assignment - Learning Aim C $10.37   Add to cart

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Applied Science Unit 14 Assignment - Learning Aim C

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Whole Assignment. DISTINCTION graded. References Included.

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  • October 11, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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Isomerism
Isomerism is when organic compounds consist of the same number of atoms of each element, but
they are arranged differently. So, in other words, an isomer is a version of an organic compound
which has the same molecular formula but a different displayed /3D formula.

There are types and subtypes of isomerism that can occur. The types are structural and stereo:

 Structural Isomers are when the same atoms exist within the compound, but they are
connected differently. This isomerism is caused by the movement of an R group (chemical
species).
 Stereoisomers are when the same atoms exist within the compound, but they have a
different spatial arrangement. This isomerism is caused by the rotation of the bonds so that
specific atoms occupy a different position within 3-dimensional space.

The subtypes of structural isomers are chain, positional and functional:

Chain isomerism is when the carbon chain bonds are rearranged to form a different structure. A
chain isomer has similar chemical properties but can slightly differ in their physical properties. Chain
isomers can result in more/less branching.

Two examples of chain isomerism:

 Butane and 2-methylpropane both have the molecular formula, C 4 H 10 but butane has a
carbon chain of 4 carbons while 2-methylpropane has a carbon chain of 3 carbons with the
4th bonded to the main carbon chain at the 2 nd position as a methyl group.

Butane’s structural and 3D formulae:




2-methylpropane's structural and 3D formulae:

, Difference of chemical properties Difference of physical properties
 2-methylpropane is less reactive. The  2-methylpropane has a lower boiling
hyper conjugated resonance structure point. The more branching, the lower
of butane involves a primary the boiling point because branching
carbocation while the hyper conjugated weakens the intermolecular forces that
resonance structure of 2- exist between linear carbons and
methylpropane involves a more stable decreases the surface area.
secondary carbocation.  2-methylpropane is slightly more
soluble in water. The more branching,
the higher the solubility of the
molecule because of the decreased
surface area.
 2-methylpropane has a lower density.
The more branching, the lower the
density.

 Pentane and 2-methylbutane both have the molecular formula, C 5 H 12 but pentane has a
carbon chain of 5 carbons while 2-methylbutnane has a carbon chain of 4 carbons with the
5th carbon bonded at the 2nd position of the main chain as a methyl group.

Pentane’s structural and 3D formulae:




2-methylbutane's structural and 3D formulae:




Difference of chemical properties Difference of physical properties
 2-methylbutane is less reactive.  2-methylbutane has a lower boiling
point.
 2-methylbutane is slightly more soluble
in water.
 2-methylbutane has a lower density.

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