BIOL 2311 – Exam 5 (47 questions; max score: 110 out of 100 points) Answered.

NAME: BIOL 2311 – Exam 5 (47 questions; max score: 110 out of 100 points) Multiple choice questions. (40 points). Select a single answer per question. Each question is worth 1 pt. 1. An example of negative feedback is the control of blood glucose levels by glucagon. A __________ in blood glucose leads to the pancreas secreting glucagon that promotes __________ of glucose from the bloodstream. a. fall; release b. fall; removal c. rise; removal d. rise; release e. none of the above 2. The hands and feet experience high amounts of abrasion. It contains so called thick skin having five epidermal strata. Which epidermal layer in thick skin consists of dead keratinocytes? a. stratum corneum b. stratum spinosum c. stratum granulosum d. a and b e. a, b, and c 3. Motor units in a muscle contract _______________ and this helps _______________ fatigue. a. asynchronously; prevent b. synchronously; prevent c. asynchronously; promote d. synchronously; promote e. a and c 4. The _______________ is the period where another AP can be generated. a. relative refractory period b. absolute refractory period c. all-or-none period d. a and b e. b and c 5. All fibers in the cerebellum are _______________ while the fibers in the cerebrum are _______________. a. ipsilateral; contralateral b. contralateral; ipsilateral c. contralateral; contralateral d. ipsilateral; ipsilateral e. none of the above 6. The right cerebral hemisphere controls the muscles on the left side of the body and vice versa. Which pathway generalization best explains this phenomenon? a. pathways decussate b. pathways use a relay of neuronal connections c. pathways exhibit somatotopy d. pathways are symmetrical e. all of the above 7. The __________ cells in the thyroid gland are responsible for producing the __________ hormone. a. parafollicular cells; calcitonin b. follicular cells; thyroglobulin c. follicular cells; colloid d. a and b e. a, b, and c 8. During cross-bridge cycling, the __________ positions the myosin head into high-energy state. a. ATP hydrolysis b. ATP attachment c. ATP synthesis d. a and b e. b and c 9. Which of the following statements about the regeneration of nerve fibers is incorrect? a. PNS nerve fibers cannot be regenerated b. CNS nerve fibers cannot be regenerated c. Schwann cells secrete growth inhibiting factors to stop axon regeneration d. Oligodendrocytes secrete growth promoting factors to spur axon regeneration e. none of the above 10. Which of the following skeletal muscle fiber structure is not part of the “triad”? a. sarcomere b. t-tubule c. terminal cisternae of the SR d. b and c e. a, b, and c 11. Which of the following is not a component of RNA? a. nitrogen-containing base b. deoxyribose sugar c. phosphate group d. all of the above e. none of above 12. __________ is a hormone interaction where one or more hormones counteracts the action of another. a. permissiveness b. antagonism c. synergism d. a and c e. b and c 13. Which of the following statement relating to parathyroid gland is true? a. 4-8 parathyroid glands embedded in anterior part of thyroid gland b. contains parathyroid cells that secrete parathyroid hormone c. contains oxyphil cells of known function d. all of the above e. none of the above 14. In the HPA axis, the rise in ____________ levels trigger negative feedback to the hypothalamus. a. CRH b. cortisol c. ACTH d. a and c e. a, b, and c 15. Removal of hormones from the blood circulation involve the following, except for: a. actions of the liver b. carrier proteins c. degrading enzymes in target tissues d. actions of the kidney e. none of the above 16. Skin plays a vital role in vitamin D synthesis. Which of vitamin D synthesis steps do not happen in the skin? a. 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted into vitamin D3 b. UV absorption by 7-dehydrocholesterol c. vitamin D3 is converted into vitamin D d. a and b e. a, b, and c 17. The surface marking called _______________ separates the two cerebral hemispheres. a. central sulcus b. transverse cerebral fissure c. longitudinal fissure d. lateral sulcus e. none of the above 18. Which statement about the symptoms of Diabetes mellitus is true? a. Type 1 is characterized as failure to produce insulin b. Type 2 is characterized as failure to use insulin c. Cardinal signs include polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia d. all of the above e. none of the above 19. _____ is an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body vertically producing left and right portions. a. frontal plane b. coronal plane c. sagittal plane d. a and b e. a, b, and c 20. Which of the following neurotransmitters have both an excitatory and inhibitory effect? a. GABA b. Glutamate c. Acetylcholine d. a and c e. b and c 21. Which of the following statements relating to the necessary life functions is false? a. movement of substances is facilitated by the skeletal muscles b. skin provides the cellular boundary separating internal and external environments c. wastes including urea, feces and carbon monoxide are removed from the body d. all of the above e. none of the above 22. Which of the following statements about passive processes of membrane transport is true? a. cellular energy is not required b. substances move along its concentration gradient c. all require the aid of proteins during transport d. a and b e. a and c 23. Which of the following statements about the connective sheath of skeletal muscle is true? a. the endomysium wraps around every single muscle fiber b. the perimysium wraps around groups of muscle fibers c. the epimysium wraps around the whole muscle organ d. all of the above e. none of the above 24. Osteoblasts secrete the organic bone matrix called osteoid. It is composed of __________ a. collagen b. ground substance c. hydroxyapatites d. a and b e. a, b, and c 25. Which of the following is involved in the relaxation of smooth muscle fibers? a. calcium ion detachment from calmodulin b. active transport of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum c. dephosphorylation of myosin d. all of the above e. none of the above 26. Which of the following statements relating to cerebrovascular accidents is true? a. it is commonly known as strokes b. it can lead to hemiplegia c. it can be treated via tissue plasminogen activator d. all of the above e. none of the above 27. Which of the following statements relating to positive feedback mechanism is true? a. it usually controls rare events in the body b. it exhibits a cascading effect exaggerate the original stimulus d. all of the above e. none of the above 28. __________ hormone is made by the __________ and is stored in the posterior pituitary hormone. a. Oxytocin; Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus b. ADH; Supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus c. Cortisol; Supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus d. a and b e. a, b, and c 29. The basal layer is the deepest epidermal layer. Which of the statements about it is incorrect? a. it consists of a row of actively mitotic stem cells b. it contains melanin-producing melanocytes c. it contains epidermal dendritic cells d. it houses the “oldest” keratinocytes e. none of the above 30. Which of the following statement relating to the cell nucleus is false? a. all body cells are nucleated b. the nuclear envelope is a non-porous double-layered membrane c. contains nucleoli that are involved in tRNA synthesis d. all of the above e. none of the above 31. Which of the following statements relating to the hypodermis is incorrect? a. it is also called the subcutaneous layer b. it is not part of the skin c. It is a storage site for body fat d. it is deep to the epidermal and dermal skin layers e. none of the above 32. Which of the following structures is not found in the head region of the thick filament myosin? a. actin binding site b. ATP binding site c. ATPase enzyme d. all of the above e. none of the above 33.Which homeostatic imbalance of glucocorticoids (GCs) are characterized by the altered levels of GCs? a. Cushing’s syndrome b. Addison’s disease c. Depression d. a and b e. a, b, and c 34. Which of the following statements about bone cells is true? a. osteoclasts are bone-forming cells that synthesize bone matrix b. osteoblasts are bone-destroying cells that break down bone matrix c. osteocytes are immature bone cells that maintain bone matrix d. osteogenic cells are stem cells giving rise to all bone cells e. none of the above 35. Compact bone contains structures that serve as passageways for blood vessels, veins, and nerves. Which of the following structures is found in compact bone? a. Haversian canal b. Volkmann’s canal c. lacunae d. canaliculi e. none of the above 36. Which of the following is a not component of the neuromuscular junction? a. axon terminal of a somatic motor neuron b. synaptic cleft c. junctional folds of the sarcolemma d. a and b e. a, b, and c 37. Which of the following is an indirect action for somatotropin? a. anti-insulin effect b. fat metabolism c. carbohydrate metabolism d. all of the above e. none of the above 38. Which of the following about acetylcholinesterase is incorrect? a. It breaks down acetylcholine at the synaptic cleft b. It prevents continued muscle contraction c. It is an enzyme d. all of the above e. none of the above 39. Which of the following statements about the reticular formation is false? a. it arises from the brain stem and has wide-ranging axonal connections b. it is responsible for arousal to keep the cortex conscious and alert via RAS c. it filters 99% of all stimuli via ascending reticular formation d. it regulates visceral motor functions via descending reticular formation e. none of the above 40. The adrenal glands: a. are sitting atop the kidneys b. contain adrenal medulla producing catecholamines c. contain adrenal cortex producing corticosteroids d. a and b e. a, b, and c Short answer questions. (70 points). All responses MUST be written the student’s own words, in complete sentences and in short paragraph form (~not a list or in bullet points). 41. List and describe the three types of stimuli that trigger endocrine glands to synthesize and to release hormones. (9 pts – answer max 9 sentences) 42. Homeostatic control mechanisms are important for the survival of the human organism. Explain negative and positive feedbacks by identifying then describing one specific example per feedback type. (10 pts – answer max 10 sentences) 43. Explain the synthesis steps for the major metabolic hormone in the human body. (9 pts – answer max 9 sentences) 44. Most of the limb joints in the human skeleton are of synovial type. Identify and briefly explain the function of the six features that make synovial joints unique from other joint types. (12 pts – answer max 12 sentences) 45. In chemical synapses, neurons communicate with other neurons or skeletal muscles via neurotransmitters (NT). Explain the steps of neurotransmission beginning from the action potential arriving at the axon terminal to the termination of NT actions. (8 pts – answer max 8 sentences) 46. Describe three examples from different organ systems by which Ca2+ plays an essential for specific physiological functions. (12 pts – answer max 12 sentences) 47. Identify and describe the major endocrine organ that regulates blood glucose homeostasis. Also, discuss the two hormones it produces and their effects on blood glucose. (10 pts – answer max 10 sentences) Powered by TCPDF ()