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Samenvatting fysiologie - Neurowetenschappen (E05Y5A)

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Neurowetenschappen (E05Y5A)

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Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)

Samenvatting van neurofysiologie van het vak Neurowetenschappen gedoceerd door professor P. Janssen en professor T. Theys. Het omvat alle leerstof uit de blokwijzer uitgelegd in puntjes, stapjes, tabellen en kaders om het beter te begrijpen en overzichtelijker te leren. Ook bevat het foto's uit ...

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Uploaded on October 12, 2024
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blokwijzer
neuro
neurofysio
fysiologie
neurowetenschappen
samenvatting

Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Education
Geneeskunde
Course
Neurowetenschappen (E05Y5A)

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Neurofysiologie
1 ORGANISATIE VAN HET CENTRAAL ZENUWSTELSEL .............................................................................. 9

1.1 STRUCTURELE ORGANISATIE VD CEREBRALE CORTEX .............................................................................................. 9
1.1.1 Grijze stof .......................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.1.1 Neocortex laag (laag I-VI) .............................................................................................................................. 9
1.1.1.2 Allocortex ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.1.3 Zones van Brodmann..................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.2 Witte stof .......................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.2.1 Witte stofbanen projecteren......................................................................................................................... 9
1.2 FUNCTIONELE NEUROANATOMIE ..................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.1 Telencephalon: cerebrum, basale ganglia en limbisch systeem ..................................................... 10
1.2.1.1 Frontale kwab .............................................................................................................................................. 10
1.2.1.2 Pariëtale kwab ............................................................................................................................................. 10
1.2.1.3 Occipitale kwab ........................................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.1.4 Temporale kwab mediaal (hippocampus en amygdala) ............................................................................. 10
1.2.1.5 Insula ........................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.1.6 Basale ganglia .............................................................................................................................................. 10
1.2.2 Diencephalon: thalamus en hypothalamus .................................................................................... 11
1.2.2.1 Thalamus ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.2.2 Hypothalamus ............................................................................................................................................. 11
1.2.3 Cerebellum ...................................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.4 Hersenstam ..................................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.4.1 Mesencephalon ........................................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.4.2 Pons ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
1.2.4.3 Medulla oblongata ...................................................................................................................................... 12
1.2.5 Ruggenmerg ................................................................................................................................... 12

2 TECHNIEKEN OM HERSENFUNCTIES TE BESTUDEREN .......................................................................... 13

2.1 INLEIDING................................................................................................................................................... 13
2.2 LETSELSTUDIES ............................................................................................................................................ 13
2.3 EEG EN MEG ............................................................................................................................................. 13
2.4 MICRO-ELEKTRODE REGISTRATIES ! ................................................................................................................. 13
2.5 FUNCTIONELE BEELDVORMING (PET EN FMRI) ! ............................................................................................... 14
2.6 TMS EN TDCS ............................................................................................................................................ 14
2.7 OPTOGENETICA ........................................................................................................................................... 14
2.8 INVASIEVE REGISTRATIES BIJ DE MENS .............................................................................................................. 15
2.9 STIMULATIE/INACTIVATIE: CAUSALE VERBANDEN ............................................................................................... 15

3 SENSORIËLE CODERING ..................................................................................................................... 17

3.1 ALGEMENE BEGRIPPEN.................................................................................................................................. 17
3.1.1 Sensoriële eenheid .......................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.2 Receptorpotentiaal en actiepotentiaal ........................................................................................... 17
3.1.3 Receptief veld.................................................................................................................................. 17
3.1.4 Innervatiedensiteit .......................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.5 Stimulus .......................................................................................................................................... 17
3.2 CODERING VAN STIMULUS ............................................................................................................................. 18
3.2.1 Modaliteit ....................................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.2 Locatie............................................................................................................................................. 18

1

, 3.2.2.1 Spatiale distributie van geactiveerde sensoriele neuronen........................................................................ 18
3.2.2.2 Grootte van stimulus gecodeerd door aantal geactiveerde receptoren .................................................... 18
3.2.2.3 Densiteit vd receptoren bepaalt resolutie van receptoroppervlak ............................................................ 18
3.2.3 Intensiteit ........................................................................................................................................ 18
3.2.3.1 Frequentie van actiepotentialen (lineair) ................................................................................................... 19
3.2.3.2 Aantal geactiveerde receptoren.................................................................................................................. 19
3.2.4 Tijd: adaptatie................................................................................................................................. 19
3.2.4.1 Snel vs traag adapterende receptoren........................................................................................................ 19
3.3 GEMEENSCHAPPELIJKE ELEMENTEN VAN SENSORIËLE SYSTEMEN ............................................................................ 19
3.3.1 Mulitpele representaties (kaarten) ................................................................................................. 19
3.3.2 Parallelle informatieverwerking ..................................................................................................... 19
3.3.3 Seriele schakelingen van kernen ..................................................................................................... 19
3.3.4 Plasticiteit ....................................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.5 Magnificatie en (dis)proportionele afbeeldingen ........................................................................... 20
3.3.6 Columnaire organisatie .................................................................................................................. 20
3.3.7 Laterale inhibitie → om selectiviteit te verhogen .......................................................................... 20
3.4 PSYCHOFYSICA: WET VAN WEBER ................................................................................................................... 20
3.4.1 Curve naar links vs rechts ............................................................................................................... 20

4 VISUEEL SYSTEEM.............................................................................................................................. 21

4.1 HET OOG.................................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1.1 Licht................................................................................................................................................. 21
4.1.2 Anatomie van het oog .................................................................................................................... 21
4.1.2.1 Retina........................................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1.2.2 Oogafwijkingen ............................................................................................................................................ 21
4.1.3 Beeldvorming in het oog ................................................................................................................. 22
4.1.3.1 Lichtbreking in het oog ................................................................................................................................ 22
4.1.3.2 Lens zorgt voor accommodatie ................................................................................................................... 22
4.1.3.3 Pupilreflex.................................................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.3.4 Visuele veld en visuele acuiteit ................................................................................................................... 24
4.1.4 Microscopische anatomie van retina.............................................................................................. 24
4.1.4.1 Fotoreceptor- bipolaire en ganglioncellen .................................................................................................. 24
4.1.4.2 Staafjes en kegeltjes .................................................................................................................................... 24
4.1.5 Het spatiotemporele vermogen van het oog .................................................................................. 25
4.1.5.1 spatiale resolutie: gezichtsscherpte of acuïteit........................................................................................... 25
4.1.5.2 Temporele resolutie: kritische flikkerfusiefrequentie (KFFF)...................................................................... 26
4.1.6 Fotochemie in staafjes en kegeltjes ................................................................................................ 27
4.1.6.1 Fototransductie ........................................................................................................................................... 27
4.1.6.2 Dark current & light current ........................................................................................................................ 27
4.1.6.3 Amplificatie.................................................................................................................................................. 28
4.1.6.4 Kleur detectie .............................................................................................................................................. 28
4.1.6.5 Donker- en lichtadaptatie ........................................................................................................................... 28
4.1.7 De bipolaire cellen .......................................................................................................................... 29
4.1.7.1 Receptief veld bepalen ................................................................................................................................ 29
4.1.7.2 Informatieverwerking id retina ................................................................................................................... 30
4.1.8 De ganglioncellen ........................................................................................................................... 31
4.1.8.1 Informatieverwerking id retina ................................................................................................................... 31
4.2 HET CENTRAAL VISUEEL SYSTEEM .................................................................................................................... 33
4.2.1 De visuele projecties en het corpus geniculatum laterale .............................................................. 33
4.2.1.1 Visueel veld.................................................................................................................................................. 33
4.2.1.2 Letsels op verschillende niveau’s ................................................................................................................ 34
4.2.1.3 Corpus geniculatum laterale (CGL).............................................................................................................. 34

2

, 4.2.1.4 Verschillende eigenschappen magnocellulaire en parvocellulaire laag ..................................................... 35
4.2.1.5 Effecten van experimenteel letsel van P en M lagen .................................................................................. 35
4.2.2 De primaire visuele cortex .............................................................................................................. 36
4.2.2.1 Anatomie vd primaire visuele cortex .......................................................................................................... 36
4.2.2.2 Fysiologie vd primaire visuele cortex .......................................................................................................... 39
4.2.3 De extrastriate visuele cortex ......................................................................................................... 41
4.2.3.1 Dorsale visuele stroom ................................................................................................................................ 42
4.2.3.2 Ventrale visuele stroom .............................................................................................................................. 44

5 AUDITIEF SYSTEEM ............................................................................................................................ 47

5.1 GELUID ...................................................................................................................................................... 47
5.2 PERIFEER SENSORIËLE APPARAAT..................................................................................................................... 47
5.2.1 Buitenoor ........................................................................................................................................ 47
5.2.2 Middenoor ...................................................................................................................................... 47
5.2.3 Binnenoor........................................................................................................................................ 48
5.2.3.1 Basilaire membraan..................................................................................................................................... 48
5.2.3.2 Orgaan van Corti.......................................................................................................................................... 49
5.2.4 Nervus cochlearis ............................................................................................................................ 50
5.2.4.1 Bipolaire neuronen van n. cochlearis .......................................................................................................... 50
5.2.4.2 Verloopt samen met n. vesitbularis ............................................................................................................ 50
5.3 CENTRALE AUDITIEVE BANEN .......................................................................................................................... 51
5.3.1 Centrale auditieve projecties: multipele parallelle banen .............................................................. 51
5.3.2 Codering van geluidsintensiteit en frequentie ................................................................................ 51
5.3.2.1 Geluidsintensiteit wordt op 2 manieren gecodeerd ................................................................................... 51
5.3.2.2 Frequentie wordt op 2 manieren gecodeerd .............................................................................................. 51
5.3.3 Binaurale geluidslokalisatie ............................................................................................................ 52
5.3.3.1 Internaurale tijdsverschillen (ITD) ............................................................................................................... 52
5.3.3.2 Internaurale intensiteitverschillen (ILD)...................................................................................................... 52
5.3.3.3 Neurale systemen voor ITD en ILD .............................................................................................................. 53
5.3.4 Monaurale geluidslokalisatie.......................................................................................................... 53
5.4 AUDITIEVE CORTEX ....................................................................................................................................... 54

6 VESTIBULAIR SYSTEEM ...................................................................................................................... 55

6.1 INLEIDING................................................................................................................................................... 55
6.2 HET VESTIBULAIRE LABYRINT .......................................................................................................................... 55
6.2.1 Het labyrint is onderdeel vh binnenoor .......................................................................................... 55
6.3 CENTRALE VESTIBULAIRE BANEN ..................................................................................................................... 57
6.4 VESTIBULO-OCULAIRE REFLEX (VOR)............................................................................................................... 57
7 GUSTATIEF SYSTEEM ......................................................................................................................... 59

7.1 INLEIDING................................................................................................................................................... 59
7.1.1 Vijf basissmaken ............................................................................................................................. 59
7.1.2 Grote variëteit aan smaken onderscheiden.................................................................................... 59
7.2 PERIFEER SENSORIËLE APPARAAT..................................................................................................................... 59
7.2.1 Smaakknop ..................................................................................................................................... 59
7.2.2 Smaakreceptorcel ........................................................................................................................... 59
7.2.3 Verscheidenheid in signaaltransductie ........................................................................................... 60
7.2.3.1 Zoute smaakreceptoren .............................................................................................................................. 60
7.2.3.2 Zure smaakreceptoren ................................................................................................................................ 60
7.2.3.3 Zoet, umami en bitter smaakreceptoren .................................................................................................... 60
7.3 CENTRALE GUSTATIEVE BANEN ....................................................................................................................... 61
7.3.1 Projecties......................................................................................................................................... 61

3

, 7.3.2 Codering .......................................................................................................................................... 62

8 OLFACTIEF SYSTEEM .......................................................................................................................... 63

8.1 INLEIDING................................................................................................................................................... 63
8.2 HET REUKORGAAN ....................................................................................................................................... 63
8.2.1 Reukepitheel ................................................................................................................................... 63
8.2.2 Transductiemechanisme ................................................................................................................. 63
8.2.3 Genetisch ........................................................................................................................................ 63
8.3 CENTRAAL OLFACTIEVE BANEN........................................................................................................................ 64
8.3.1 Bulbus olfactorius ........................................................................................................................... 64
8.3.2 Codering .......................................................................................................................................... 64
8.3.2.1 Soorten interacties ...................................................................................................................................... 64
8.3.2.2 Receptoren zijn breed getuned ................................................................................................................... 65
8.3.2.3 Activatiemap................................................................................................................................................ 65
8.3.2.4 Temporele codering .................................................................................................................................... 65
8.3.3 Projecties......................................................................................................................................... 65
8.3.4 Klinische toepassingen .................................................................................................................... 67

9 SOMESTHESIE ................................................................................................................................... 69

9.1 INLEIDING................................................................................................................................................... 69
9.2 TASTZIN ..................................................................................................................................................... 69
9.2.1 Huidreceptoren ............................................................................................................................... 69
9.2.1.1 Gespecialiseerde mechanoreceptoren ....................................................................................................... 69
9.2.1.2 Haarfollikelreceptoren ................................................................................................................................ 70
9.2.2 Afferenten ....................................................................................................................................... 71
9.2.2.1 Perifeer zenuwstelsel .................................................................................................................................. 71
9.2.2.2 Centraal zenuwstelsel ................................................................................................................................. 71
9.2.2.3 Dermatomen ............................................................................................................................................... 71
9.2.3 Lemniscale baan ............................................................................................................................. 72
9.2.3.1 Geleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 72
9.2.4 Somatosensoriële cortex................................................................................................................. 73
9.2.4.1 S1 areas ....................................................................................................................................................... 73
9.2.4.2 Somatotopie = Homunculus van Penfield ................................................................................................... 73
9.2.4.3 Receptieve velden en stimulusactiviteiten ................................................................................................. 74
9.2.4.4 Plasticiteit .................................................................................................................................................... 74
9.2.4.5 S2 ................................................................................................................................................................. 74
9.2.4.6 Posterieure parietale cortex........................................................................................................................ 74
9.3 PROPRIOCEPTIE ........................................................................................................................................... 75
9.4 PIJN .......................................................................................................................................................... 75
9.4.1 Nocireceptoren ............................................................................................................................... 75
9.4.2 Primaire afferenten en centrale banen: het anterolaterale systeem ............................................. 75
9.4.2.1 Neuronen van 1e orde ................................................................................................................................. 75
9.4.2.2 Neuronen van 2e orde ................................................................................................................................. 76
9.4.2.3 Anterolateraal systeem ............................................................................................................................... 77
9.4.3 Regulatie van pijn ........................................................................................................................... 77
9.4.3.1 Segmentale controle: gate control.............................................................................................................. 77
9.4.3.2 Descenderende controle ............................................................................................................................. 78
9.4.3.3 Opioïden ...................................................................................................................................................... 78
9.4.3.4 Upregulatie en sensitisatie .......................................................................................................................... 79
9.4.3.5 Pijn subtypes ............................................................................................................................................... 79
9.5 TEMPERATUURZIN ....................................................................................................................................... 79
9.6 JEUK.......................................................................................................................................................... 79

4

,10 PROPRIOCEPTIE ............................................................................................................................. 81

10.1 INLEIDING............................................................................................................................................... 81
10.2 PROPRIOCEPTOREN .................................................................................................................................. 81
10.2.1 Spierspoelen .................................................................................................................................... 81
10.2.2 Golgi-peesorganen.......................................................................................................................... 81
10.2.3 SA2-mechanoreceptoren ................................................................................................................ 81
10.2.4 Gewrichtsreceptoren ...................................................................................................................... 81
10.3 HET PROPRIOCEPTIEF NEURON EN HET RUGGENMERG ..................................................................................... 81
10.4 HET CEREBELLUM..................................................................................................................................... 82
10.5 HET CEREBRUM ....................................................................................................................................... 82

11 MOTORISCH SYSTEEM ................................................................................................................... 83

11.1 SPINALE CONTROLE VAN BEWEGING ............................................................................................................ 83
11.1.1 Het lagere motorneuron (LMN) ...................................................................................................... 83
11.1.1.1 Somatotopie vd motorneuronen ............................................................................................................ 83
11.1.1.2 Soorten lagere motorneuronen .............................................................................................................. 83
11.1.1.3 Kracht regeling ........................................................................................................................................ 84
11.1.1.4 Input en output alfa-motorneuronen ..................................................................................................... 84
11.1.2 De proprioceptieve reflexen ............................................................................................................ 85
11.1.2.1 Monosynaptische myotatische reflex ..................................................................................................... 85
11.1.2.2 Peesorgaanreflex .................................................................................................................................... 85
11.1.2.3 Reciproke inhibitie .................................................................................................................................. 85
11.1.2.4 Proprioceptieve receptoren en info vanuit de huid ............................................................................... 85
11.1.3 De exteroceptieve reflexen ............................................................................................................. 86
11.1.3.1 Nociceptieve flexiereflex......................................................................................................................... 86
11.1.3.2 Gekruiste extensorreflex......................................................................................................................... 86
11.1.4 Spinale motorische programma’s ................................................................................................... 86
11.1.4.1 Centraal patroongeneratoren................................................................................................................. 86
11.2 CONTROLE VD BEWEGING DOOR DE HERSENEN .............................................................................................. 87
11.2.1 Dalende supraspinale banen .......................................................................................................... 87
11.2.1.1 Ventromediaal systeem .......................................................................................................................... 87
11.2.1.2 Lateraal systeem ..................................................................................................................................... 88
11.2.2 De corticale motorische gebieden .................................................................................................. 88
11.2.2.1 Organisatie vd primaire motorische cortex (M1) ................................................................................... 88
11.2.2.2 Initiatie vd beweging door M1 ................................................................................................................ 89
11.2.2.3 Premotorische en posterieure pariëtale cortex ..................................................................................... 89
11.2.3 De basale ganglia ........................................................................................................................... 91
11.2.3.1 Anatomische organisatie ........................................................................................................................ 91
11.2.3.2 Basale ganglia pathways ......................................................................................................................... 92
11.2.3.3 Disfunctie vd basale ganglia .................................................................................................................... 93
11.2.3.4 Cognitie en stemming (niet-motorisch) .................................................................................................. 93
11.2.4 Het cerebellum ................................................................................................................................ 94
11.2.4.1 Anatomische organisatie ........................................................................................................................ 94
11.2.4.2 Het cerebellaire microcircuit .................................................................................................................. 96
11.2.4.3 Disfunctie vh cerebellum ........................................................................................................................ 97

12 CHEMISCHE CONTROLE VAN HERSENEN EN GEDRAG....................................................................... 99

12.1 DE SECRETROSICHE HYPOTHALAMUS............................................................................................................ 99
12.2 HET AUTONOME ZENUWSTELSEL ............................................................................................................... 100
12.3 DE DIFFUSE MODULATORISCHE SYSTEMEN .................................................................................................. 101
12.3.1 Noradrenerge locus coeruleus ...................................................................................................... 101
12.3.2 Serotonerge raphe nuclei.............................................................................................................. 101

5

, 12.3.3 Dopaminerge kernen .................................................................................................................... 102
12.3.4 Cholinerg systeem ......................................................................................................................... 102
12.4 DRUGS EN DE DIFFUSE MODULATORISCHE SYSTEMEN .................................................................................... 102
12.4.1 Hallucinogenen ............................................................................................................................. 102
12.4.2 Centrale stimulantia ..................................................................................................................... 102

13 MOTIVATIE.................................................................................................................................. 103

13.1 ENERGIEHOMEOSTASE EN EETGEDRAG ....................................................................................................... 103
13.1.1 Langetermijnregulatie: de lipostatische hypothese ..................................................................... 103
13.1.1.1 Energie opslag en inname ..................................................................................................................... 103
13.1.1.2 Lipostatische mechanismen .................................................................................................................. 103
13.1.2 Kortetermijnregulatie: verzadigingssignalen ............................................................................... 105
13.2 ZELFSTIMULATIE EN BELONING ................................................................................................................. 105
13.2.1 Typische brain stimulation rewards sites ..................................................................................... 105
13.2.2 Dopamine = ‘molecule of more’.................................................................................................... 106
13.3 SEROTONINE EN EETGEDRAG .................................................................................................................... 107

14 EMOTIE ....................................................................................................................................... 109

14.1 ANATOMIE VH LIMBISCH SYSTEEM............................................................................................................. 109
14.2 EMOTIES EN GEVOELENS ......................................................................................................................... 109
14.2.1 Emotionele toestand en emotionele ervaring .............................................................................. 109
14.2.2 Theoriën over emoties .................................................................................................................. 110
14.2.3 De neurofysiologie van angst ....................................................................................................... 110
14.2.3.1 Syndroom van Klüver-Bucy ................................................................................................................... 110
14.2.3.2 Amygdala: anatomie en effect van letsels ............................................................................................ 111
14.2.4 Neurofysiologie van woede en agressie ....................................................................................... 112
14.2.4.1 Amygdala............................................................................................................................................... 112
14.2.4.2 Hypothalamus ....................................................................................................................................... 112
14.2.4.3 Serotonine en agressie.......................................................................................................................... 112

15 GEHEUGEN .................................................................................................................................. 113

15.1 INLEIDING............................................................................................................................................. 113
15.2 HET WERKGEHEUGEN ............................................................................................................................. 114
15.2.1 De prefrontale cortex .................................................................................................................... 114
15.2.2 Andere corticale gebieden ............................................................................................................ 114
15.3 HET DECLARATIEVE GEHEUGEN ................................................................................................................. 114
15.4 DE MESIALE TEMPORALE STRUCTUREN ....................................................................................................... 115
15.4.1 Anatomie ...................................................................................................................................... 115
15.4.2 Letselstudies.................................................................................................................................. 115
15.4.3 Navigatiesysteem in brein: spatiaal geheugen en relationeel leren ............................................ 116
15.5 HET PROCEDURALE GEHEUGEN ................................................................................................................. 116

16 TAAL EN SPRAAK ......................................................................................................................... 119

16.1 HISTORIEK ............................................................................................................................................ 119
16.2 LETSELSTUDIES ...................................................................................................................................... 119
16.3 ‘SPLIT-BRAIN’-STUDIE ............................................................................................................................. 120
16.4 ELEKTRISCHE STIMULATIE ........................................................................................................................ 120
16.5 FUNCTIONELE BEELDVORMING ................................................................................................................. 120

17 SLAAP EN BIOLOGISCHE RITMES ................................................................................................... 123

17.1 HERSENRITMES ..................................................................................................................................... 123

6

, 17.1.1 EEG ................................................................................................................................................ 123
17.1.2 Hersenritmes................................................................................................................................. 123
17.2 SLAAP .................................................................................................................................................. 124
17.2.1 Slaapstoornissen ........................................................................................................................... 124
17.2.2 De slaapstadia .............................................................................................................................. 124
17.2.3 Functie van slaap, dromen en REM-slaap .................................................................................... 125
17.2.4 Neurale mechanismen van slaap .................................................................................................. 125
17.3 CIRCADIAANSE RITMES ............................................................................................................................ 126

7

,8

,1 ORGANISATIE VAN HET CENTRAAL ZENUWSTELSEL

1.1 STRUCTURELE ORGANISATIE VD CEREBRALE CORTEX

1.1.1 GRIJZE STOF

1.1.1.1 NEOCORTEX LAAG (LAAG I-VI)

I. Dendritische uitlopers
II. Projecteert naar andere corticale gebieden
(cortico-corticale projecties)
III. Projecteert naar andere corticale gebieden
(cortico-corticale projecties)
IV. Belangrijke inputlaag voor thalamus
V. Projecteert via piramidale neuronen naar
subcorticale structuren (basale ganglia,
hersenstam, ruggenmerg) en vormt belangrijke
outputlaag
VI. Corticothalamische neuronen

1.1.1.2 ALLOCORTEX

Is een fylogenetische cortex. Zoals drielagige archicortex vd hippocampus.

1.1.1.3 ZONES VAN BRODMANN

Op basis van cytoarchitectonische verschillen is cortex ingedeeld in 52 gebieden.
Area’s komen in bepaalde maten overeen met functionele hersengebieden.

Verschillen in laag IV (afferent) en V (efferent) tussen area 4 (M1) en area 17 (V1).

1.1.2 WITTE STOF

Bestaat voornamelijk uit gemyeliniseerde axonen en gliacellen in staat voor wiring van de grijze
informatiehubs.

1.1.2.1 WITTE STOFBANEN PROJECTEREN

- rostrocaudaal via projectiebanen
- interhemisferisch via commissuurbanen
- intrahemisferisch via korte associatievezels (U-vezels) en lange associatiebanen.

9

, 1.2 FUNCTIONELE NEUROANATOMIE

1.2.1 TELENCEPHALON: CEREBRUM, BASALE GANGLIA EN LIMBISCH SYSTEEM

1.2.1.1 FRONTALE KWAB
Functionele hersengebieden Area van Brodmann
Primaire motorische cortex (M1) 4
Premotorische cortex (PMC) 6
Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
Frontale oogvelden (FEF) 8
Onderste frontale winding van dominante
sfeer = Zone van Broca
Prefrontale cortex (PFC): executieve functies,
werkgeheugen, cognitie, persoonlijkheid

1.2.1.2 PARIËTALE KWAB

Functionele hersengebieden Area van Brodmann
Primaire somatosensorische cortex (S1) in gyrus postcentralis. 1, 2 en 3
Secundaire somatosensorische cortex (S2) net boven sulcus lateralis.
Sensorische associatievezels achter sulcus postcentralis. 5 en 7
Lobulus inferior, dominante hemisfeer: lezen, schrijven, rekenen en
vingerherkenning.

1.2.1.3 OCCIPITALE KWAB

Functionele hersengebieden Area van Brodmann
Primaire visuele cortex rond sulcus calcarinus. 17
Visuele associatiecortex 18 en 19

1.2.1.4 TEMPORALE KWAB MEDIAAL (HIPPOCAMPUS EN AMYGDALA)

Zijn deel van het limbisch systeem en spelen rol in geheugen en emotie.

Functionele hersengebieden Area van Brodmann
Primaire auditieve cortex (A1) thv gyri van Heschl met daarrond auditieve
associatievezels.
Zone van Wernicke = belangrijk taalgebied in dominante hemisfeer in gyrus 22
temporalis superior.
Occipitotemporale cortex, laag temporaal gelegen: herkennen van levende
wezens, objecten en plaatsen.

1.2.1.5 INSULA

Beschouwd als de 5th lobe. Vormt driehoekig eiland gelegen in de diepte van de laterale sulcus.

1.2.1.6 BASALE GANGLIA

- Putamen → nucleus caudatus.
- Globus pallidus → rol bij regulatie van bewegingen, emotie, motivatie en leren.

10

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