This document includes all of my class notes from 2022 for my Modern History class.
The topics we covered are as follows:
- Age of Progress in the West
- Age of Progress in the Non-West (Africa, Latin-America, Asia)
-La Belle Epoque
-First World War
-Early 20th Century Revolutions
-Russian R...
What’s News?
Roman Empire (1st c. BCE-5th c. CE)
- Rise in Christianity
Rome fell - Dark Ages
- Rising popularity of the Christian Church
- Germanic Barbarians
In Asia, China- Tang Dynasty (7-10th c. CE)
- Art, trade, technology, bureaucracy
- Buddhism, Daoism
In India, the rise of the Guptas (4-6th c. CE)
- Hinduism
In the 7th c. CE - Rise of Islam
- Middles East, Africa, Asia
- From Africa, the Muslims sought gold
- Empires of Ghana and Mali
11th c. CE, the Crusades
- Between the Muslims and the Christians
- Increase in trade between the East and West
14th c. CE - the Black Death in Europe
- Beginnings of the Renaissance in Italy
- Humanism
- Progress in acceptable
Increase in trade- Africa and Americas
- Portugal and Spain (15th-16th c. CE)
- Death of the 90% of Americas
Rise of the Slave trade across the Atlantic
- Decline in Africa
- Increase in trade with China (Qing dynasty, 1644-1912)
- Japan, Tokugawa Shogunate (17th-19th c. CE)
In India, Hinduism is on a decline
- Taken over by the Mughal Empire (Muslim)
, - Open to other religions (16-17th c. CE)
Increase in trade means increase in wealth
- Class divide
- Corruption
- Led to the Reformation (Protestant Christianity)
16th c. CE Rise of the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment
- New ideas
Thursday, August 25, 2022
Once Upon A Time
Thomas Crapper
Robert Koch/ Louis Pasteur
Le Bon Marché
Karl Marx
Pierre Proudhon/ Michael Bakunin
Napoleon III
Crimean War
Otto Von Bismark
Franco-Prussian War
New ideas, 18th c.
- John Locke, English, Philosopher, 17-18th
- Lived during the Glorious Revolution( no one died)
- Humans are born “tabula rasa” (neutral, free, equal)
Rights:
- Life
- Liberty
- Property
You are in a social contract
- You give the right to the above to the government
- You have the right to overthrow abusive, incompetent government
- Liberalism
- Education leads to progress
Locke’s notion of liberalism led to the American Revolution and the French Revolution
- Declaration of Independence
- Amendment of Independence
,18th c, Rise of the Industrial Revolution in Britain
- Machines replacing people
- They made cotton fabric technology and steam technology
CONCEPT OF PROGRESS
- Wealth
- Education
- Rights
- Improvement of society
- Science, technology
- Democracy
Progress during the Industrial Revolution required exploitation
- Cheap labour
- Cheap food (potatoes, tea, sugar)
- Cheap raw materials (from colonies in Africa, Asia, the Caribbeans)
Age of Progress in the West
17th c. - 1870’s
A lot more progress, liberalism and trade
- Increased industrialization
- Increase in cities, 19th c (London then: 1 million people; London now: 4.7 million) (Paris:
600,000-3.6 million
In 1850, half of Britain is Urban
City problems
- Crowding
- Disease (Cholera, in 1830’s Britain, 50,000 died) (Tuberculosis, Smallpox)
- Crime
Bourgeoisie - middle class demanded solutions based on progress
- Metal containers for garbage (invented by a man called Eugene Poubelle)
Thomas Crapper, British, plumber, 1850’s
- Invented the U-Bend toilet(te)
- Led to sewer systems and piped water (Montreal, 1852)
, Medicine
- Edward Jenner (Vaccination, 1796)
- Germ Theory by Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur, 1850’s-1880’s
Ignate Semmelweis, Austria
- Wash hands
Joseph Lister, 1867
- Antiseptic surgery
Introduction of police forces by Robert Peel, London, 1850’s (Nicknamed Bobbies)
In the cities, the industrialists want their own progress (more money)
- Advertising (Soap was the first advertised product)
- Department stores (open to the public, convenient, price tag, sales)
Le Bon Marché, the first department store in Paris, 1852
(Progress)
Industrials still relied on cheap labour
- Workers formed trade unions, 1840’s
- Demanded decent working conditions and the right to vote
(Progress)
Some workers reacted against liberalism and private property
- All people should share and cooperate
Humans are born good and reasonable
- They can build a better society together with reason
- Government intervention in society and economy can lead to progress
Most famous socialist:
Karl Marx, German, philosopher, journalist, sociologist, historian (Deeply anti-liberal, anti-
nationalism)
- Felt history = classes in conflict
1. Aristocracy (power to the rich)
2. Bourgeoisie
3. Proletarians (working class)
Exploited workers will revolt violently
- Kill the upper classes and take power and share
- Classless society
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