Exam (elaborations)
ONCOLOGY NURSING MANAGEMENT IN CANCER CARE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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ONCOLOGY NURSING MANAGEMENT IN CANCER CARE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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Carcinogen hh- hhAnswer hhAn hhagent hhthat hhcan hhcausehhcancer; hhcan hhbe hhchemicals, hhviruses, hhhormones, hhionizing
hhradiation, hhor hhsolid hhmaterials.
1. hhAlter hhthe hhDNA hhof hhthe hhcell, hhwhich hhwill hheither
hhcauses hhthe hhcell hhto hhbe hhrepair hhor hhdie.
2. hhTobacco hhsmoke hhthought hhto hhbe hhthe hhsingle hhmost
hhlethal hhchemical hhcarcinogen, hhaccounts hhfor hhat hhleast
hh30% hhof hhcancer hhdeaths hhin hhhuman.
Carcinogenesis hh- hhAnswer hhProcess hhof hhtransforming hhnormal
hhcells hhinto hhmalignant hhcells
Thrombocytopenia hh- hhAnswer hhA hhdecrease hhin hhthe
hhnumber hhof hhcirculating hhplatelets hh(count hhfalls hhbelow
hh100,000) hhassociated hhwith hhpotential hhbleeding. hhOften hhresults
hhfrom hhbone hhmarrow hhdepression hhafter hhcertain hhtypes hhof
hhchemotherapy hhand hhradiation hhtherapy hhand hhwith hhtumor
hhinfiltration hhof hhthe hhbone hhmarrow.
a. hhNormal hhplatelet hhcount hhis hh150,000-400,000
b. hhAt hhhigh hhrisk hhfor hhbleeding hhwhen hhplatelet hhcounts
hhfall hhbelow hh20,000.
Nursing hhInterventions:
a. hhThe hhnurse hhmust hhreport hhany hhplt hhcounts hhless
hhthan hh50,000 hhto hhthe hhprimary hhcare hhprovider hhand
hhprevent hhrisk hhfor hhbleeding.
b. hhAssess hhfor hhpotential hhfor hhbleeding: hhmonitor hhplatelet
hhcount.
Metastasis hh- hhAnswer hh1. hhSpread hhof hhcancer hhcells
hhfrom hhthe hhprimary hhtumor hhto hhdistant hhsites
2. hhStage hhIV hh
3. hhMalignant hhCancer hhCells: hhdemonstrate hhuncontrolled
hhgrowth hhthat hhdoes hhnot hhfollow hhphysiologic hhdemand.
4. hhThe hhcell hhmembrane hhof hhthe hhcancer hhcells hhcontain
hha hhprotein hhknown hhas hhtumor- hhspecific hhantigen hh(CEA-
hhcarcinoembryonic hhantigen hhand hhprostate hhspecific hhantigen
hh(PSA) hhwhich hhdevelop hhovertime.
4. hhThe hhnuclei hhof hhcancer hhcells hhare hhlarge hhand
hhirregular.
5. hhDefinate hhtest hhfor hhcancer hhis hhBiopsy
Description hhof hhStaging hhTumors hh- hhAnswer hhStaging
• hhTumor, hhnodes, hhmetastasis hh(TNM) hhstaging hhsystem hhfor
hhcancer hhis hhused hhto hhindicate hhtumor hhsize, hhspread hhto
hhlymph hhnodes, hhand hhextent hhof hhmetastasis.
Stage hh0: hhCancer hhin hhsitu hh
, Stage hhI: hhTumor hhlimited hhto hhthe hhtissue hhorigin hhStage
hhII: hhLimited hhlocal hhspread; hhincludes hhspread hhto hhthe
hhnearest hhlymph hhnodes; hhlocalized hhtumor hhthat hhinvades
hhpast hhthe hhbasement hhmembrane, hhbelow hhthe hhsurface
hhepithelium hhof hhthe hhorgan hhinto hhthe hhparenchyma hhor
hhstroma.
Stage hhIII: hhExtensive hhlocal hhand hhregional; hhusually
hhindicates hhmore hhextensive hhlymph hhnode hhinvolvement
Stage hhIV: hhMetastasis; hhdistant hhspread
Description hhof hhGrading hhTumors hh- hhAnswer hhGX: hhGrade
hhcannot hhbe hhassessed hh
G1: hhWell hhdifferentiated hh(less hhmalignant)
G2: hhModerately hhdifferentiated hh
G3: hhPoorly hhdifferentiated hh(high hhgrade)
G4: hhUndifferentiated hhor hhpoorly hhdifferentiated hhor
hhundifferentiated hh
(most hhmalignant)
Dysplasia hh- hhAnswer hhbizarre hhcell hhgrowth hhresulting hhin
hhcells hhthat hhdiffer hhin hhsize, hhshape, hhor hharrangement
hhfrom hhother hhcells hhof hhthe hhsame hhtissue hhtype
Leukopenia hh- hhAnswer hhA hhcondition hhin hhwhich hhthere
hhare hhfewer hh
leukocytes hh(WBC) hhthan hhnormal hhin hhcirculation
a. hhChemo hhand hhradiation hhtherapy hhtend hhto hhdecrease
hha hhpatient's hhwhite hhblood hhcells hh
b. hhreduces hhdefense hhmechanisms, hhincreasing hhthe hhrisk
hhof hhinfections
Polycythemia hh- hhAnswer hhIncrease hhvolume hhof hherythrocytes
b. hhhematocrit hhis hhelevated hhmore hhthan hh55% hhin
hhmales, hhmore hhthan hh50% hhin hhfemales.
c. hhSecondary hhpolycythemia hhis hhcaused hhby hhexcessive
hhproduction hhof hherythropoietin. hhThis hhmay hhoccur hhin
hhresponse hhto hha hhreduced hhamount hhof hhoxygen.
Anemia hh- hhAnswer hhA hhdecrease hhin hhred hhblood hhcells
hhresulted hhin hhlow hhhemoglobin hhand hhhematocrit
a. hhAbnormal hhlab hhvalues hhmust hhbe hhreport hhto hhprimary
hhcare hhproviders hhASAP hhbecause hhthese hhpatients hhmay
hhneed hhblood hhtransfusion
b. hhNormal hhhemoglobin:
Female hh12-16 hhg/100ml
Male hh13-18 hhg/100ml
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