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NCE / CPCE STUDY SETS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% GUARANTEED PASS 2024/2025

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NCE / CPCE STUDY SETS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% GUARANTEED PASS 2024/2025 continuous development view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills discontinuous development view that development takes place in unique stages, wh...

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  • 12 de octubre de 2024
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NCE / CPCE STUDY SETS EXAM QUESTIONS AND

ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%

GUARANTEED PASS 2024/2025


continuous development


view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills


discontinuous development


view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages


Nature vs. Nurture


Do genes (nature) or environmental factors (nurture) contribute more to a person's being?


prenatal


conception to birth


Infancy / Child


Birth to 2 years- Changes in the brain and body, motor skills, perceptual, intellectual strengthens, 1st

intimate ties to other people


early childhood


2-6 years, Play years, refined motor skills, thought and language expand quickly, sense or morality

strengthens, build ties with other children.

,middle childhood


6-11 years, improved athletic ability, more logical thought processes, mastery of basic literacy skills,

advancing in self-understanding, morality, friendship, begin peer-group relationships.


adolescence


the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence from

family, sexual maturity, abstract thinking, school achievement is important, defining personal

values/goals.

- Parietal lob develops around age 16

- Death rates by injury between ages 15-19 are six times higher than between ages of 10 -14

- The adolescent brain is about 80% developed


early Adulthood


18 - 40 years, leave home, complete education, full time work, concerns are developing around career,

forming intimate partnership, marrying, and rearing children.


middle adulthood


40-65 years, height of careers, help children being independent lives, awareness of mortality arises.


Late Adulthood


65+, death looms, retirement, decrease in health


Charles Darwin (1809-1882)


1. British biologist who wrote "On the Origin of Species"

2. Challenged the idea of special creation by proposing a revolutionary theory of biological evolution

3. Concluded that every living plant and animal takes a part in a constant "struggle for existence" in

,which only the "fittest" survive

4. Argued that the fittest are determined by a process of natural selection


G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)


Set up first psychological laboratory in North America; focused on development and education. Founded

the American Journal of Psychology and pioneered the study of child development


normative approach


Launched by G. Stanley Hall and Arnold Greseli. Measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of

individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development.

PROVIDES A TIMETABLE OF EXPECTED DEVELOPMENTAL EVENTS AT CERTAIN AGES.


psychosexual stages of development (Freud)


four distinct stages of the development of the self between birth and adulthood, according to Freud;

personality quirks are a result of being fixated, or stuck, at any stage: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.


Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)


founder of psychoanalysis, a controversial theory about the workings of the unconscious mind: Id, Ego,

Superego


Id (Pleasure-pain principle)


a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and

aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle-pain, demanding immediate gratification.


Ego (Reality principle)


the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the

demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's

, desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. The fulcrum in the seesaw

metaphor, balancing the id and the superego.


Superego (Ego Ideal, Conscience)


the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for

judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations


Oral Stage (0-18 months)


stage focuses on pleasure on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing (attachment is a major factor)


Anal Stage (18-36 months)


pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control


Phallic Stage (3-6 years)


stage focuses on pleasure zone in the genitals, coping with incestuous sexual feelings (Oedipus Complex)


identification


the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing

superegos


Latency Stage (6-puberty)


A phase of dormant sexual feelings, superego strengthens as the child acquires new social values from

adults and same-sex partners.


Genital Stage (puberty on)


sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others


Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

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