PNB 2XC3 Final exam UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
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Course
PNB 2XC3
Institution
PNB 2XC3
PNB 2XC3 Final exam UPDATED
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Elements of analytical thinking one should use for informed decisions - CORRECT
ANSWER- whats the purpose?
what assumptions are made?, what data supports this?,
what concepts and theories are used?,
what conclusions ca...
PNB 2XC3 Final exam UPDATED
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Elements of analytical thinking one should use for informed decisions - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔whats the purpose?
what assumptions are made?, what data supports this?,
what concepts and theories are used?,
what conclusions can be drawn?, what are the implications and consequences?
precision - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔can it be more detailed?
relevance - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔is it related to the issue?
depth - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔is it complex?
,breadth - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔does it offer multiple points of view?
logic - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔does it follow from the evidence?
significance - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔is it important?
fairness - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔is there a conflict of interest or biases?
blind experiment - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔data collector is blind to the subjects
assignments to treatments
- when studying animals
double blind - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔relevant for human subjects only
- both data collector and subjects are blind to the treatment
why should experiments be either blind or double blind - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔to
remove experimenter and subject bias
placebo effect - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔expectation and anticipation of clinical
improvement
main cause of observed improvement in sham treatments - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔spontaneous improvement
proximate questions - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔how the behavior came to be
- within the life time of the organism
- immediate causation
ultimate questions - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔why a particular behavior occurs
- over evolutionary time
,plumage colour in house finches: proximate explanation - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔carotenoid pigments ingested in food provides red colouration
plumage colour in house finches: ultimate explanation - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔positive
correlation between male mating success and red-colour intensity
- males who can seek Colour instead of energy are better quality
- better able to fight off pathogens
- good foraging ability
animal behaviour - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔self generated movement of either a body part
or the whole in animals
the major components of an animal life history - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔growth, survival,
reproduction
Two mechanisms that can change behaviour over time - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Evolution and Learning
Evolution - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔a change over generations in the proportion of
individual organisms differing genetically in one or more traits
methods other than evolution and learning which change biological traits - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔maturity, acclimation
Evolution in Galapagos Finches - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔-heritable variation in beak size
-higher survival rates of individuals with large beaks during a drought
- reproductive fitness incurred
learning - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔the ability to acquire a neuronal representation of new
information which can be used to determine subsequent behavior
, learning in grasshoppers experiment setup: - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔grasshoppers learn
to eat a balanced diet with optimal nutrients like carbs and proteins
learning treatment: allowed to learn naturally to prefer balanced over deficient diet
random treatment: faced a changing environment which made learning impossible
learning in grasshoppers: 3 cues - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔colour food and odor, changed
for random group but stayed consistent for learning group
learning in grasshoppers results: - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔increase in proportion of visits
to healthy food in learning treatment
learning treatment had higher proportion of time spend eating healthy food
- learning grasshoppers had higher growth rate which implies better reproductive success
social learning in rats experimental setup: - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔learning which food
is safe to eat by observing others.
- rats familiar with each other were divided into observer and demonstrator groups
- demonstrators were taken to another room where subjects fed on rat food flavored with
cocoa or cinnamon
- observers interacted with demonstrators (they sniff each other)
- observers where then allowed to choose from either cinnamon or cocoa food
social learning in rats results: - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔observers ended up eating
whatever they smelled on the demonstrators despite not seeing the demonstrators actually
eating
benefit of social learning and problem with individual learning - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔-
individual learning dies once the individual dies
- socially learned information stays in the populations even after the individual dies
- social learning is also quickly transmitted
artificial selection - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔change in genetics due to selective breeding
by humans
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