PCOL 838 Final UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
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Course
PCOL 838
Institution
PCOL 838
PCOL 838 Final UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Where are the adrenal glands located? (10/18) - CORRECT ANSWER- Adrenal glands
are located at superior pole of each kidney
What does the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla secrete? (10/18) - CORRECT
ANSWER- The adrenal cor...
PCOL 838 Final UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Where are the adrenal glands located? (10/18) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Adrenal glands
are located at superior pole of each kidney
What does the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla secrete? (10/18) - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- The adrenal cortex secretes DHEA, mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosteron) and
glucocorticoids (eg, cortisol).
The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (eg, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine).
What are 5 of the major disorders of the adrenal cortex? (10/18) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
1. Hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome)
2. Adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)
3. Hyperaldosteronism (Aldosteronism)
4. Hypoaldosteronism
5. Androgen Excess- very rare (do not worry about)
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex? (10/18) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- capsule
(protective layer)
zona glomerulosa (10%)
zona fasciculata (80%)
zona reticularis (10%)
Which hormones are secreted by each layer of the adrenal cortex? What is the regulatory
control of each of these secretions? (10/18) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- zona glomerulosa:
aldosterone (mineralcorticoid), renin-angiotensin regulation
zona fasciculata: cortisol (glucocorticoid), ACTH regulation
zona reticularis: DHEAs (androgen), ACTH regulation
What is the common substrate of the hormones synthesized in the adrenal cortex? (10/18) -
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- cholesterol
,Enzyme 21 is an important enzyme in the synthesis of aldosterone and cortisol in the adrenal
cortex. What happens when patients have a mutation in this enzyme? (10/18) - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- some patients have a mutation in enzyme 21, so the intermediate,
pregnenolone goes to produce more androgens which leads to androgen overexpression
Cortisol circulates in a bound state. What does it bind to? (10/18) - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- Both cortisol and corticosterone are secreted in an unbound state but circulate
in a bound state to corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) (or transcortin) (~80%) and to
albumin (~10%) to a lesser extent
What do aldosterone and DHEA bind to in circulation? How are they different from cortisol?
(10/18) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- *Aldosterone: bound to albumin (60%) and transcortin
(10%). *Dehydroepiandrosterone: bound to albumin (50%) and transcortin (17%)
cortisol binds mostly to transcortin (80%)
What three roles are proposed for steroid-binding proteins? (10/18) - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- • Distribute and deliver the hormones to target tissues
• Hormone bound to CBG are protected from metabolism and inactivation
• Assist in maintaining a level of hormones in circulation during episodic secretion by the
gland.
Where is the pancreas located? (10/25) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- The pancreas is a large
gland behind the stomach and next to the small intestine.
What are the 2 main functions of the pancreas? Which function is endocrine and which is
exocrine? (10/25) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- 1) It releases powerful digestive enzymes into
the small intestine to aid the digestion of food (Exocrine Function).
2) It releases the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help the body
control how it uses food for energy (Endocrine Function).
What are 4 exocrine pancreatic disorders? (10/25) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Exocrine
Pancreatic Disorders
1. Acute Pancreatitis
,2. Chronic pancreatitis
3. Pancreatic Insufficiency
4. Pancreatic cancer
What does the suffix -itis mean? What can cause this? (10/25) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- -
itis = inflammation
can be caused by cell death
What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas? (10/25) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- the islets
of Langerhans
What do acinar cells and ductal cells secrete? (10/25) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- acinar:
digestive enzymes
ductal: pancreatic juice containing NaHCO3
•Presence of acid in duodenum causes release of _____________.
•Presence of Fats in duodenum causes release of _____________. (10/25) - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- •Presence of acid in duodenum causes release of Secretin.
•Presence of Fats in duodenum causes release of Cholecytokinin (CCK).
•Secretin causes release of _________ from _______________.
•CCK causes secretion of _________ from ____________. (10/25) - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- •Secretin causes release of Bicarbonate from ductal cells.
•CCK causes secretion of pancreatic enzymes from acinar cells.
What are the neural and hormonal controls over exocrine pancreatic function? (10/25) -
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- NEURONAL
stimulation of parasympathetic pathways innervating the pancreas causes release of
pancreatic enzymes.
HORMONAL
•Presence of acid in duodenum causes release of Secretin.
•Presence of Fats in duodenum causes release of Cholecytokinin (CCK).
, •Secretin causes release of Bicarbonate from ductal cells.
•CCK causes secretion of pancreatic enzymes from acinar cells.
What is pancreatic juice composed of? (10/25) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- electrolytes,
active pancreatic enzymes, zymogens
What happens if there is premature trypsin activation? What is found in acinar cells that may
cause this premature activation? (10/25) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Premature trypsin
activation before arriving in the duodenum can be destructive and may trigger a series of
events that lead to pancreatic self-digestion.
Cathepsin B within acinar cells is a possible pathological activator of trypsinogen in
pancreatitis
What initially happens with pancreatitis and how does it progress? (10/25) - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- Initial inflammation of the gland --> Swelling of the gland and surrounding
blood vessels, bleeding, infection, and damage to the gland --> Trapping of digestive juices to
start "digesting" the pancreas itself.
What happens in acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis? (10/25) - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- ACUTE
Inflammatory process with cytokines
CHRONIC
Progressive inflammatory process in the pancreas that causes fibrosis (scarring of tissue),
calcifications or stones, and dilated pancreatic duct
What is the preclinical phase of neoplasia? Is it detectable? (11/1) - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- dysplasia, it is undetectable
Most cancer growth is undetectable until there is about 1 billion cancer cells. What are 2
examples of cancers that can be detected at the preclinical phase? (11/1) - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- For some cancers preclinical phase may be detectable:
• Colon cancer-polyps
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