SPCE 630 Final Exam prep, SPCE 630 Exam Latest Actual
Exam Questions and Correct Answers (Verified Answers)
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visual analysis of graphed data - ANSWER ..> is the cornerstone of and
most frequently used data analysis method in SCD research, particularly
for determining whether a study demonstrates experimental control.
involves systematic procedures used to evaluate specific characteristics
of data patterns and evaluate the presence of a functional relation.
advantages of visual analysis - ANSWER ..> -can be used to evaluate
data of individuals or small groups depending on the unit of analysis
specified in the research question.
-data are collected repeatedly, graphed as they are collected, and
analyzed frequently
-focuses on analysis of individual data patterns
-discovery of potentially interesting findings that may not be directly
related to the original research question or program objective.
-graphic presentation of data permits independent analysis and
interpretation of results
formative visual analysis - ANSWER ..> conducted within and across
conditions to identify behavior change during the course of a study.
behavior change - ANSWER ..> occurs when data patterns in one
condition are different from data patterns in the subsequent, adjacent
condition for the same variable(s).
summative visual analysis - ANSWER ..> conducted following study
completion, across multiple opportunities to demonstrate behavior
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, change to determine whether a functional relation exists between the
independent variable and the dependent variable.
adjacent conditions - ANSWER ..> in SCD research, data patterns are
examined within and across adjacent conditions; when data in one
condition differ from what is predicted based on the preceding
condition, behavior change is demonstrated.
formative analysis is conducted in two steps - ANSWER ..> 1. within and
across adjacent condition analyses
2. systematic examination of specific data characteristics
within condition visual analyses - ANSWER ..> are conducted to discern
patterns within a single condition during a study. within condition visual
analyses of level, trend, and variability/stability are critical for
determining when to change conditions, deciding whether adaptations
need to be made, and providing information related to ANSWER ..>ing
research questions.
beginning with the initial condition, typically baseline, you should look
for stability of data across a minimum of at least three to five sessions
prior to changing conditions.
condition change criteria - ANSWER ..> should be made a priori based
on hypothesized data patterns. these criteria will guide both formative
and summative decisions about experimental control.
level - ANSWER ..> refers to the amount of behavior that occurs, as
indicated by the ordinate scale value. the characteristic of highest
interest for behavior change, and is generally described as low,
moderate, or high.
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, trend - ANSWER ..> the slope and direction of a data series or the
direction data are moving over time. three characteristics can be
described: trend directions, trend magnitude, and trend stability.
trend direction - ANSWER ..> referred to as accelerating, decelerating,
or zero celebrating. trend can further be characterized by magnitude,
and is often described as steep or gradual and paired with direction.
also describe whether the direction of a trend is improving
(therapeutic) or deteriorating (contra-therapeutic).
contra therapeutic trend - ANSWER ..> represents a common data
pattern in SCD data that might occur within a condition and particularly
prior to the introduction of the independent variable. this refers to
trends that are in the opposite direction of the hypothesized direction
of improvement and can establish need for the intervention.
variability - ANSWER ..> fluctuation from one data point to the next and
is the opposite of stability; in data with no trend, this can be
summarized as the range of data values within a condition or as the
percentage of data points falling within a given stability envelope
stability - ANSWER ..> is predictability and consistency of data values
within a condition. perceptions of this can be influenced by scales and
ranges of y axes.
between condition visual analysis - ANSWER ..> the objective of this is
to identify if behavior change has occurred. in SCD research a particular
condition (B) is introduced and re-introduced to one (eg. A-B-A-B) or
more than one (multiple baseline design) data series to evaluate
whether there is a functional relation between independent and
dependent variables.
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, functional relations - ANSWER ..> are unequivocal demonstrations that
an independent variable produced reliable and consistent change in a
dependent variable. the purpose of SCD research is to determine if
behavior change occurs when the intervention is introduced, and
whether the behavior change can vive reliably replicated.
analysis of data across adjacent conditions entails determining: -
ANSWER ..> a) changes in data patterns (level, trend, variability) b)
immediacy of change c) amount of overlapping data across adjacent
conditions d) consistency of data patterns across similar conditions
immediacy of change - ANSWER ..> across adjacent conditions is the
degree to which behavior change occurs as soon as the intervention is
introduced. when a large change in level occurs immediately after
introduction of a new condition, it is referred to as an abrupt change in
level, which is indicative of an immediately powerful or immediately
effective intervention.
overlap - ANSWER ..> refers to values of data in one condition that are
in the same range of values of data in the subsequent, adjacent
condition.
consistency - ANSWER ..> refers to the extent to which data patterns in
one condition are similar to data patterns in other conditions. confident
determination that a functional relation exists requires consistency in
data patterns between iterations of the same condition and
inconsistency in data patterns between different, adjacent conditions.
potential demonstrations of effect - ANSWER ..> a functional relation
can be identified when a) there is a sufficient number of this (three
opportunities to demonstrate behavior change contingent on condition
change) and b) visual analysis suggests that consistent changes in data
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occur for all potential demonstrations
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