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NURS 5315 Advanced
Pathophysiology Questions and
Answers (100% Pass)
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis?
✓ Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the
stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes:
✓ 1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines
with fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-
CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?
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✓ Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
(ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid
perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*,
chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS?
✓ Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin,
ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced?
✓ 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential
✓ Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron
depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential
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✓ Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action
potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials
✓ HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased
neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony,
paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials
✓ HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked
T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials
✓ Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia,
circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials
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✓ Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness,
hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed
T waves
Atrophy
✓ Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the
cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased
blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has
achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished
function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples
✓ Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy
✓ Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ.
Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples
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